Places

Nauru, officially the Republic of Naoero since 2026, is a small raised coral island state in Micronesia whose geography was reshaped by phosphate mining.

Nazi Germany was the dictatorship led by Adolf Hitler from 1933 to 1945, responsible for European territorial aggression, the Holocaust, and other mass atrocities.

Nepal is a landlocked country in South Asia whose terrain runs from the Gangetic plains to the Himalayan peaks, shaped by tectonic collision and the monsoon.

The Netherlands is a low-lying constitutional monarchy in north-western Europe, known for water management, trade, and its Golden Age.

New York City is the most populous city in the United States, made up of five boroughs at the mouth of the Hudson River, and a major global center of finance, culture and immigration.

An island nation in the southwestern Pacific, known in Māori as Aotearoa, with a parliamentary democracy, a bicultural founding treaty, and a distinctive geology and biota.

Nicaragua is the largest country in Central America, shaped by a volcanic arc, large lakes, and contrasting Pacific and Caribbean coasts.

Niger is a landlocked West African country, mostly covered by the Sahara, drained by the Niger River, and known for its uranium deposits.

Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, located on the northern shore of the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa, with a land area of about 911,000 square kilometres and diverse climates, rivers, and resources.

A major north-flowing African river system linking equatorial lakes and Ethiopian highlands with Sudan, Egypt, and the Mediterranean Sea.

North America is the third-largest continent, covering about 24.7 million square kilometres in the Western Hemisphere, containing 23 sovereign states and numerous dependent territories.

North Korea, formally the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, occupies the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its geography, one-party system, nuclear program and sanctions-shaped economy define it.

North Macedonia is a landlocked country in the south-central Balkans, with rugged mountains, the Vardar valley and tectonic lakes including Ohrid and Prespa.

Norway is a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe, occupying the western Scandinavian Peninsula with Arctic territories including Svalbard.

The ocean is the continuous body of salt water covering about 71% of Earth's surface. It holds most of the planet's water and shapes its climate and life.

Oceania is a Pacific-centred geographical and geopolitical region of islands, Australia and New Zealand, whose boundaries and continental status vary by definition.

Oman is a hereditary monarchy on the southeastern Arabian Peninsula, known for its coastline, Ibadi heritage, and its shift away from oil dependence under Vision 2040.

Osaka is Japan's second-largest city and the economic heart of the Kansai region, known for its port, manufacturing, merchant traditions and cuisine.

Oslo is Norway’s capital and largest city, a political, economic, and cultural centre situated at the head of the Oslofjord.

The Ottoman Empire was a Turkic-led, Sunni Islamic state that ruled much of southeastern Europe, western Asia and North Africa from about 1299 to 1922.

Pakistan is a South Asian country on the Indus River, bordered by Afghanistan, Iran, China, and India, with mountains in the north, arid plateaus in the west, and fertile plains along the Indus.

Palau is an island country in the western Pacific, part of Micronesia, independent since 1994 and in free association with the United States.

Geographic region and territory in the eastern Mediterranean, comprising the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.

Panama is a country at the narrow isthmus linking North and South America, known for the Panama Canal, its tropical biodiversity, and its role as a regional trade and finance hub.

Papua New Guinea is an island country in the southwestern Pacific that occupies the eastern half of New Guinea, with rugged highlands, vast wetlands, and extensive reefs.

Landlocked South American country divided by the Paraguay River into a populous eastern region and the sparsely settled Gran Chaco.

France's capital and largest city, on the Seine, and a leading centre of government, finance, culture and science.

A fifth-century BCE temple of Athena on the Athenian Acropolis, renowned for its architecture, sculpture, and enduring cultural significance.

The Achaemenid Empire (c. 550–330 BCE), founded by Cyrus the Great, was the first major Persian empire and among the largest of the ancient world, known for its provincial administration and cultural pluralism.

Peru is a country in western South America with a Pacific coast, the Andes, and part of the Amazon basin.

The Philippines is an archipelagic country of more than 7,000 islands in the western Pacific, shaped by volcanism, plate tectonics and a tropical monsoon climate.

A major navigation canal in Guangxi, China, connecting the Xijiang river system with the Gulf of Tonkin.

Poland is a Central European country on the North European Plain, with a Baltic coast, major river basins, and Carpathian and Sudetes mountains in the south.

Portugal is a country in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula, with the Atlantic Azores and Madeira archipelagos as outlying regions.

Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic, on the Vltava River in Bohemia, known for its well-preserved medieval and baroque historic centre.

Puerto Rico is a Caribbean archipelago and unincorporated U.S. territory whose geography, history, economy and political status shape its society.

The Pyramids of Giza are a complex of Old Kingdom royal tombs built during the Fourth Dynasty for Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure, including the Great Pyramid, the Sphinx, and associated temples and cemeteries.

Qatar is a small, arid emirate on a peninsula in the Persian Gulf, known for its vast natural gas reserves and its role as a leading LNG exporter.

The Qin dynasty (221–207 BCE) was China's first unified, centralized empire. It established the basic framework of the imperial state for more than two thousand years.

The Qing dynasty (1644–1912) was China's last imperial dynasty, founded by the Manchus, which expanded China's territory and then declined under foreign pressure before its collapse in the 1911 Revolution.

A republic founded in China in 1912, governed from Taiwan since 1949, with democratic institutions and limited diplomatic recognition.

Central African country on the Atlantic coast, whose history, oil-dependent economy, forests and political system shape the region.

Rio de Janeiro is a coastal Brazilian city founded by Portuguese colonists in 1565, former national capital, major port, and global cultural and tourist centre.

A river is a natural flowing watercourse that drains a landscape, transports sediment, shapes landforms, and supports ecosystems and human activities.

Riyadh is the capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia, on the Najd plateau in central Arabia. Its growth from an oasis town to a metropolis of several million reflects the oil economy and Vision 2030.

The Roman Empire was the autocratic Roman state from 27 BC. It ruled the Mediterranean world until the West fell in 476, and its eastern half lasted until 1453.

Romania is a country in southeastern Europe, centred on the Carpathian arc and the Transylvanian Basin, with a Black Sea coast and the lower Danube along its southern border.

Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region, with nearly three millennia of history from its legendary founding in 753 BC through imperial, papal and modern eras.

Russia is the world's largest country by area, spanning Eastern Europe and northern Asia, with vast plains, mountains, cold climates and rich natural resources.

Landlocked East African country known for its hilly terrain, the 1994 genocide and reconstruction, and rapid economic growth.

A Catholic basilica in Barcelona, renowned for Antoni Gaudí’s architecture, Christian symbolism, innovative engineering, and construction spanning generations.

Saint Kitts and Nevis is a small two-island federation of volcanic origin in the Leeward Islands of the Eastern Caribbean, with a land area of about 261 square kilometres and independence from Britain in 1983.

Caribbean island nation in the Windward Islands; a Commonwealth member state since independence in 1979.

Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city, founded in 1703 by Peter the Great on the Neva delta. It was the imperial capital until 1918 and a major Soviet centre as Leningrad.

An island state in the eastern Caribbean, made up of the volcanic island of Saint Vincent and the Grenadine chain, governed as a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy.

Samoa is an independent Polynesian island state in the central South Pacific, comprising the western Samoan islands, which became the first Pacific island nation to gain independence in the twentieth century in 1962.

Consolidated city and county on a Pacific peninsula in Northern California; a major hub of finance, technology, tourism and culture.

San Marino is a landlocked microstate of about 61 km² enclosed by Italy, on Mount Titano in the Apennines, with a tradition of independence dating to 301 CE.

Santiago is the capital of Chile and the centre of Greater Santiago, a metropolitan area of about seven million people in the central valley between the Andes and the Coast Range.

São Paulo is Brazil's largest city and a leading financial, industrial and cultural centre in the Southern Hemisphere.