Places

Georgia is a country in the South Caucasus on the eastern Black Sea, with a long history as a medieval kingdom and Soviet republic, and independence since 1991.

Germany is a federal republic in Central Europe that borders nine countries and has coasts on the North Sea and the Baltic Sea.

Ghana is a West African country on the Gulf of Guinea, whose geography ranges from coastal lagoons and tropical forest to northern savanna and is shaped largely by the Volta river system.

The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest of the Giza pyramids, built for pharaoh Khufu around 2560 BC, and the only surviving Wonder of the Ancient World.

A series of fortifications built along China's northern frontiers over roughly two thousand years, mainly to guard against nomadic groups from the Eurasian steppe.

Greece is a country at the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula, known for its mountainous mainland, long coastline, and many islands.

Greenland is the world's largest island, an ice-covered Arctic territory within the Kingdom of Denmark, with a largely Inuit population of about 56,000.

Grenada is an English-speaking island state in the southeastern Caribbean, known as the Isle of Spice.

Guangzhou is the capital of Guangdong and a major port city in southern China, known in the West as Canton.

Guatemala is a Central American country whose geography spans volcanic highlands, karst lowlands, Pacific plains and Caribbean coasts, shaped by plate tectonics.

Guinea is a West African country on the Atlantic coast, known for its major river sources, mineral wealth, and a political history shaped by one-party rule and military takeovers.

West African Atlantic coastal state; geography, history, economy and politics.

Guyana is a republic on South America's northeastern Atlantic coast, a former British colony whose offshore oil boom has made it one of the world's fastest-growing economies.

A 6th-century Byzantine cathedral in Istanbul, later an Ottoman mosque, a museum, and since 2020 an active mosque again; a landmark of dome engineering.

Haiti is a Caribbean country on the western third of Hispaniola, born from a 1791–1804 revolution that ended slavery and founded an independent state.

The Han dynasty ruled imperial China between 206 BCE and 220 CE, with an interruption, consolidating institutions and cultural traditions that influenced subsequent Chinese history.

Hangzhou is the capital of Zhejiang Province in eastern China, known for West Lake and the Grand Canal.

Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam, on the Red River, with more than a thousand years of history as a political centre.

Havana is Cuba’s capital and largest city, a Caribbean port distinguished by its colonial heritage, urban architecture, and cultural institutions.

Helsinki is the capital and largest city of Finland, on the Gulf of Finland, with a population above 700,000 as of 2026.

The Himalayas are Asia’s highest mountain system, shaping regional climates, river basins, biodiversity, and human societies.

Ho Chi Minh City, formerly Saigon, is Vietnam's largest city and main economic hub. The entry covers its geography, flood risk, history, 2025 merger, economy, urban life and open challenges.

Honduras is a Central American country with Caribbean and Pacific coasts, a mountainous interior, and high biodiversity; this entry covers its physical and human geography.

Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of China on the south coast, known as a major international financial, trade and transport hub under the "one country, two systems" framework.

Houston is the largest city in Texas and the fourth-largest in the United States, a Gulf Coast port and energy hub on a flat, bayou-crossed coastal plain.

Huanggang Port is a 24-hour land boundary crossing between Shenzhen and Hong Kong, rebuilt as a passenger-focused complex that opened in October 2026.

Hungary is a landlocked Central European country in the Carpathian Basin, shaped by the Danube, a lowland landscape, and a continental climate.

Iceland is a North Atlantic island nation of about 390,000 people, shaped by volcanism, glaciers, geothermal energy, and a Nordic democratic tradition.

South Asian country and the world's most populous nation, whose geography spans Himalayan peaks, river plains, plateaus, long coasts, and monsoon-driven climates.

Indonesia is a Southeast Asian republic and the world's largest archipelago, with about 17,000 islands straddling the equator between the Indian and Pacific oceans.

Iran is a large West Asian country on the Iranian Plateau, with a long history, a Persian-speaking majority, an Islamic republic since 1979, and major oil and gas reserves.

Iraq is a federal parliamentary republic in Western Asia, straddling the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, whose history spans ancient Mesopotamia and whose economy depends heavily on oil.

Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic off northwest Europe, known for its mild oceanic climate, low central plains ringed by coastal mountains, and division into two jurisdictions.

Israel is a country on the eastern Mediterranean coast of the Southern Levant, whose varied terrain runs from coastal plains and hill ranges to the Jordan Rift Valley and the Negev Desert.

Istanbul is Turkey's largest city, straddling the Bosphorus between Europe and Asia, and a former capital of the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman empires.

Italy is a southern European republic occupying a boot-shaped peninsula and major islands, known for its Alpine and Apennine geography, active volcanoes, Mediterranean climate, and population of about 59 million.

West African Gulf of Guinea country and the world's largest cocoa producer, with coastal lagoons, a north–south climate and vegetation gradient, and a rapidly urbanizing economic core around Abidjan.

Jakarta is Indonesia's largest city and a special capital region on Java's northwest coast, where its status is shifting as the capital moves to Nusantara.

Jamaica is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea whose geography, history, culture, and economy reflect Indigenous, colonial, and African diaspora legacies.

An island country in East Asia, made up of four main islands and thousands of smaller ones, with Tokyo as its capital and largest city.

An ancient city in the Judean Mountains, sacred to Judaism, Christianity and Islam, and the centre of an unresolved political dispute over its status.

A Jurchen-led dynasty that ruled northern China and reshaped East Asian politics before its conquest by the Mongols.

Johannesburg is South Africa's largest city and main financial centre. It was founded in 1886 after gold was found on the Witwatersrand, and it remains a hub of mining, finance and industry.

Jordan is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy in western Asia, bordering Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, and Israel, with its capital at Amman.

The Kaaba is a cube-shaped shrine in Mecca's Masjid al-Haram, the focal point of Muslim prayer and the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages.

Kaifeng is a prefecture-level city in Henan, China, and a former imperial capital whose history was shaped by repeated Yellow River floods.

Karachi is Pakistan's largest city and principal seaport, on the Arabian Sea in Sindh, with a population of over 20 million.

Kazakhstan is a vast Central Asian country, the world's largest landlocked state, independent since 1991, with an economy built on oil, gas, and minerals and a history of nomadic empires, Russian rule, and Soviet rule.

East African country straddling the equator on the Indian Ocean, known for its Rift Valley, highlands, diverse peoples, and the regional economic hub of Nairobi.

Kiribati is a Pacific island nation of 33 atolls and reef islands, highly exposed to sea-level rise, with a small, aid- and fishing-dependent economy.

Kosovo is a landlocked republic in the western Balkans that declared independence from Serbia in 2008; its statehood is recognised by most UN members but disputed by Serbia, Russia and China.

Krakatoa is a volcanic complex in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra, best known for its catastrophic 1883 eruption that killed more than 36,000 people.

Capital and largest city of Malaysia, a federal territory on the Malay Peninsula's west coast, shaped by river confluence, tin mining, and colonial and postwar growth.

Kuwait is a small, oil-rich emirate on the northwestern Persian Gulf, with a hot desert climate, a coastline dominated by its capital, and a population that is mostly expatriate.

Kyiv is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, on the Dnipro River, with roots in Kyivan Rus.

Kyoto is Japan's former imperial capital, founded as Heian-kyō in 794 and now the capital of Kyoto Prefecture and a major center of Japanese culture.

Landlocked, mountainous Central Asian republic whose territory is more than 90% mountainous and whose geography shaped its history, economy and culture.

Lagos is a coastal megacity in southwestern Nigeria and Africa's largest urban economy, growing from a Yoruba fishing settlement into a colonial port and today's financial and commercial hub.

Lake Ontario is the easternmost and smallest by surface area of the Great Lakes. It lies between Ontario, Canada, and New York, USA, and drains through the St. Lawrence River to the Atlantic.

Laos is a landlocked, mountainous one-party socialist state in mainland Southeast Asia, shaped by its river valleys, Buddhist kingdoms, colonial rule, and a debt-strained economy.