Science

Warren McCulloch was an American neurophysiologist whose work connected neural activity, mathematical logic, and cybernetics.

A wave function is a complex-valued representation of a quantum state from which probabilities of measurement outcomes can be calculated.

The weak interaction is a fundamental interaction responsible for beta decay, neutrino scattering, and transformations between types of elementary particles.

Weight is the force associated with gravity acting on a body, distinct from mass and from the support force measured as apparent weight.

Work is energy transferred by a force acting through a displacement or by related macroscopic processes.

The work–energy theorem states that the net work done on a particle equals the change in its kinetic energy.

X-rays are high-energy electromagnetic radiation used to image internal structures, investigate matter, and observe energetic cosmic phenomena.

X-ray computed tomography reconstructs cross-sectional and three-dimensional images from X-ray measurements acquired at multiple angles, supporting medical diagnosis, materials research, and industrial inspection.

X-ray crystallography determines atomic and molecular structures by analyzing the diffraction of X-rays by crystals.

A Yukawa interaction couples a scalar or pseudoscalar field to fermions, underpinning meson-exchange models of nuclear forces and Higgs-generated fermion masses.

Zeolites are crystalline porous materials whose ordered frameworks enable selective adsorption, ion exchange, and catalysis.

Zero-point energy is the residual ground-state energy of a quantum system, underlying molecular vibrations, vacuum fluctuations, and questions about gravity.