Energy

A battery is an electrochemical device that converts stored chemical energy into electricity, with rechargeable types restoring that energy through an external power supply.

Carbon capture separates carbon dioxide from industrial gases or ambient air for subsequent use or storage.

Carbon capture and storage separates carbon dioxide from emission sources and stores it durably, usually in deep geological formations.

Coal is a carbon-rich combustible rock formed from ancient plant material and used as a fuel and industrial raw material.

An electric generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, usually through electromagnetic induction.

An electrical grid is an interconnected network that delivers electricity from producers to consumers while coordinating power flows, supply, demand, and system reliability.

Energy storage captures energy at one time for use later. It spans mechanical, chemical, electrochemical, thermal and electrical methods, and it is central to grids with variable renewables.

Fossil fuels are nonrenewable, carbon-rich energy sources formed from ancient organic matter, principally coal, petroleum, and natural gas.

A heat engine converts part of an input of thermal energy into mechanical work, subject to limits imposed by thermodynamics.

A heat pump uses an external energy input to transfer heat from a lower-temperature source to a higher-temperature destination, providing heating, cooling, or both.

A rechargeable battery that stores and releases energy through the reversible movement of lithium ions between electrodes.

Natural gas is a methane-rich fossil fuel extracted from geological deposits and used for heating, electricity generation, and chemical production.

Serbian-American inventor and electrical engineer (1856–1943) whose work on alternating current, induction motors and radio shaped modern power systems and wireless technology.

Nuclear power generates electricity from nuclear reactions, principally controlled fission, using reactor heat to drive turbines and generators.

A naturally occurring liquid mixture of hydrocarbons found in rock formations, and a major fossil fuel.

Renewable energy comes from naturally replenished sources, including sunlight, wind, flowing water, geothermal heat, and biomass.

A solar cell is a semiconductor device that converts light directly into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect.

Solar energy is sunlight's energy captured and converted into electricity, heat, or chemical fuels by photovoltaic, thermal, and chemical processes.

A battery using a solid electrolyte, with performance governed by ion transport, electrode interfaces, materials chemistry, and cell engineering.

A steam turbine converts energy in pressurized steam into rotating mechanical power for electricity generation, industrial machinery, and marine propulsion.