Drugs

Amlodipine is a long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker used mainly for hypertension and certain forms of angina.

Amoxicillin is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum aminopenicillin antibiotic in the beta-lactam class, widely used against bacterial infections.

Antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria to withstand drugs intended to inhibit or kill them, complicating infection treatment and control.

A targeted therapeutic that chemically links an antibody to a drug, usually to deliver a cytotoxic payload to cancer cells.

A drug that opposes histamine receptor activity, commonly used to relieve allergic symptoms or reduce gastric acid secretion.

A medicine that inhibits viral infection or replication, used to treat or prevent specific viral diseases.

Aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid, a medicine used to relieve pain, fever, and inflammation and to inhibit platelet aggregation.

Atorvastatin is a synthetic statin that lowers blood cholesterol by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase; it is sold mainly as Lipitor.

Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis and is used against selected susceptible infections.

Bencao Gangmu is a Ming-dynasty Chinese materia medica by Li Shizhen, completed in 1578 and printed in 1596, long regarded as a cornerstone of traditional Chinese medicine.

Cetirizine is a second-generation antihistamine used mainly for allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria, sold as Zyrtec and other brands.

Medicinal substances used in Chinese medicine, their historical literature, preparation, scientific investigation, safety, and regulation.

A substance administered to improve the visibility of structures or physiological processes in medical imaging.

A class of adrenal steroid hormones and related medicines that regulate metabolism, inflammation, and salt–water balance.

Diazepam, sold as Valium, is a fast-acting benzodiazepine used for panic disorder, severe anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and seizures, and it was developed by Leo Sternbach at Hoffmann-La Roche.

Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant, marketed as Prozac, and the first SSRI approved by the US FDA.

Hydroxychloroquine is a quinoline drug used against malaria and as an immunomodulator in lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to relieve pain, reduce fever, and treat inflammation, and it works by blocking prostaglandin synthesis.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are drugs, mostly antibodies, that block inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 to reactivate T cells against cancer.

Insulin is a pancreatic peptide hormone that regulates blood glucose and nutrient storage, and a medicine used to treat diabetes.

Levothyroxine is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone thyroxine, used primarily to replace deficient thyroid hormone in hypothyroidism.

Loratadine is a long-acting, second-generation antihistamine used to relieve allergic rhinitis symptoms and hives, with relatively little sedative effect.

Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker used to lower blood pressure, reduce stroke risk in selected patients, and slow certain forms of diabetic kidney disease.

Metformin is an oral biguanide drug and the world's most widely prescribed glucose-lowering agent, used mainly as a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes.

A monoclonal antibody is an antibody with a defined molecular identity and binding specificity, used in research, diagnosis, and treatment.

Morphine is a naturally occurring opioid used to relieve severe pain, with important risks including respiratory depression, physical dependence, and addiction.

A catecholamine neurotransmitter and hormone that regulates arousal, sympathetic activity, and blood pressure, and is also used as a vasopressor medicine.

Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor, the first of its class to reach clinical use, that reduces gastric acid secretion by blocking the H⁺/K⁺-ATPase in parietal cells.

Opioids are receptor-active substances used in medicine, especially for pain relief, that can also cause dependence and fatal overdose.

Paracetamol, also called acetaminophen, is a medicine used to relieve pain and reduce fever; excessive exposure can cause severe liver injury.

Penicillin is a family of beta-lactam antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell-wall synthesis, first discovered in 1928 and developed for clinical use in the 1940s.

Pentobarbital is a short-acting barbiturate with sedative, hypnotic, anesthetic, and anticonvulsant effects, also used in veterinary euthanasia.

The study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, and how these processes determine exposure over time.

Pharmacology is the science of drug actions, their movement through living organisms, and their beneficial and harmful effects.

Pharmacy encompasses the sciences and professional practices concerned with developing, preparing, supplying, and ensuring the appropriate use of medicines.

Prednisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug, converted in the liver to prednisolone, used to suppress inflammation and immune activity across many diseases.

Salbutamol, known as albuterol in the United States, is a short-acting bronchodilator used to relieve and prevent bronchospasm.

Semaglutide is a synthetic GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity and to reduce cardiovascular risk in selected adults.

Sertraline is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor used to treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and several anxiety-related conditions.

Thalidomide is an immunomodulatory drug whose severe fetal toxicity transformed medicine regulation and whose later uses include multiple myeloma.

A vaccine is a biological preparation that stimulates specific immune responses to prevent disease or, in some applications, treat an existing condition.

Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that inhibits vitamin K recycling and is used to prevent and treat harmful blood clots.