{
  "id": "saab-jas-39-gripen",
  "title": "Saab JAS 39 Gripen",
  "lang": "en",
  "source_lang": "en",
  "summary": "Swedish single-engine multirole fighter family developed for air defence, attack, and reconnaissance.",
  "category": "society",
  "subcategory": "politics",
  "type": "product",
  "aliases": [
    "JAS 39 Gripen",
    "Saab 39 Gripen",
    "Saab Gripen",
    "JAS-39",
    "Gripen"
  ],
  "generated_at": "2026-10-15",
  "model": "pro/gpt-6.1-sol",
  "url": "https://aiwiki.page/en/saab-jas-39-gripen/",
  "translations": {
    "zh-Hans": {
      "url": "https://aiwiki.page/zh/saab-jas-39-gripen/",
      "json": "https://aiwiki.page/zh/saab-jas-39-gripen.json"
    }
  },
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "",
      "text": "The Saab JAS 39 Gripen is a family of single-engine, supersonic multirole fighter aircraft developed in Sweden by Saab and its industrial partners. Its designation combines the Swedish words for fighter, attack, and reconnaissance, reflecting the aircraft’s intended ability to perform all three roles. The Gripen uses a canard–delta configuration and digital flight controls, with a design shaped by Sweden’s requirements for dispersed operations and comparatively limited maintenance resources. The programme was authorized in 1982, and the first prototype flew on 9 December 1988. (icas.org)\n\nThe family developed through the A/B and C/D versions to the substantially redesigned Gripen E/F, incorporating changes to propulsion, fuel capacity, sensors, electronic warfare equipment, and avionics architecture. Gripen E first flew on 15 June 2017, and Brazil began operational activities with its F-39E aircraft in December 2022. The programme connects Swedish aircraft development with international procurement and industrial cooperation, particularly through Brazil’s participation in development and production. Its history encompasses aircraft engineering, weapons integration, operational service, export arrangements, and the continuing modernization of distinct Gripen variants. (saab.com)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Origins and development",
      "text": "Gripen originated in Sweden’s late-1970s studies of a successor to the Saab 35 Draken and Saab 37 Viggen. Instead of procuring separate aircraft for different tasks, Sweden sought a common platform for jakt, attack and spaning—fighter, attack and reconnaissance missions—giving the programme its designation, JAS. The requirement reflected Cold War defence planning: fighters would deny Swedish airspace to either belligerent in a nearby conflict, attack aircraft would engage invasion forces approaching Swedish territory and coasts, and reconnaissance aircraft would provide intelligence for national and military command. Dispersed basing, short runways and road bases, rapid preparation between missions, and maintenance by small ground organizations were therefore design requirements rather than later additions. (lagen.nu)\n\nThe industrial participants organized themselves as Industrigruppen JAS, or IG JAS, to develop and manufacture the aircraft together with its weapons and support systems. Saab led aircraft development and integration; Volvo Flygmotor supplied the RM12 engine, derived from General Electric’s F404; and Ericsson developed the radar and associated electronics. Ericsson’s contemporary programme account illustrates the demands imposed by the smaller aircraft: the radar specification established in 1982 required an installation weighing 158 kilograms, compared with more than 270 kilograms for Viggen’s system. Following parliamentary authorization in 1982, the state and IG JAS signed their contract on 30 June. It covered development, five test aircraft and an initial production batch of 30 aircraft at a fixed price, with an option for another 110 under a ceiling-price arrangement. (icas.org)\n\nThe first development aircraft flew on 9 December 1988, with Saab test pilot Stig Holmström at the controls. Prototype testing and production preparation subsequently overlapped: the first production airframe, 39-101, was adapted for development work, while aircraft 39-102 became the initial customer delivery on 8 June 1993. That handover did not signify operational readiness. Gripen A was formally introduced into the Swedish Air Force on 9 June 1996, at F 7 wing, Såtenäs, following further development and testing. The distinction between the 1993 delivery and 1996 introduction accounts for the different dates attached to Gripen’s entry into service. (saab.com)\n\nThe principal early development difficulty concerned the digital flight-control system needed to stabilize the deliberately pitch-unstable aircraft. On 2 February 1989, the first prototype crashed during landing at Linköping on its sixth flight, with Lars Rådeström flying. The subsequent official programme review recorded deficiencies in the control system and changes to both its control laws and the control stick. It also identified shortcomings in the initial test process, including insufficient use of development simulations and inadequate evaluation of recorded flight data. The accident consequently prompted changes to testing and validation as well as to the aircraft’s control response. (saab.com)\n\nOn 8 August 1993, aircraft 39-102 was lost during a demonstration over Stockholm; Rådeström ejected. Saab’s technical account described a divergent pilot-induced oscillation initiated by an unexpected nose-up movement associated with an asymmetric roll-command limiter. Corrective stick inputs demanded control-surface movement faster than the actuators could provide. This rate limiting introduced additional delay into the feedback loop and undermined stabilization. Flight testing stopped while the system was revised. The resulting work included a rate-limiting feedback filter, designated RLIMFB, intended to reduce the hazardous phase-lag effects when actuator limits were approached. The accident investigation also led to recommendations concerning control-system validation, discrepancy reporting and airworthiness quality assurance. (flighttestsafety.setp.org)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Airframe, aerodynamics, and flight controls",
      "text": "Gripen has a close-coupled canard–delta-wing configuration: all-moving foreplanes sit immediately ahead of the main wing, with trailing-edge elevons and a single vertical fin rather than a conventional horizontal tail. Two side-mounted intakes supply the single engine. Saab’s Gripen C cutaway identifies intake boundary-layer splitter plates, two-segment leading-edge manoeuvring flaps, and separate inboard and outboard elevons. Its retractable tricycle undercarriage has a steerable twin-wheel nose unit and one wheel on each main leg. The C-series structure combines aluminium-alloy fuselage frames and skin with carbon-fibre-composite wing skins, canards, rudder, and elevon panels; titanium fittings connect the wings to the fuselage. These details describe the earlier airframe and should not be treated as an identical component arrangement across all Gripen generations. (icas.org)\n\nThe original Gripen is statically unstable in pitch at subsonic speeds. A triply redundant digital fly-by-wire system, with a separate digital backup mode, provides stabilization. It automatically distributes longitudinal trim between canards and elevons to minimize drag, while leading-edge flaps improve turning performance and reduce buffet. The canards also contribute lift at low landing speeds and provide pitch control during manoeuvring. (icas.org)\n\nFlight-envelope protection includes a Manoeuvre Load Limiter controlling positive and negative angle of attack and load factor; the flight-control system also suppresses sideslip. This does not make departure impossible: ignoring the minimum-speed warning during a vertical climb can still produce an extreme low-speed condition and a departure or spin. (icas.org)\n\nSaab’s high-angle-of-attack programme began in 1995. Aircraft 39-2 carried an anti-stall parachute; final-limit testing followed in 1998–2000. The two-seat 39B underwent separate spin trials in June–September 2001 because its longer nose and shifted centre of gravity could change spin behaviour. Klas Andersson, Mats Karlsson, and Mårten Staaf reported in 2002 that these tests revealed aerodynamic-model discrepancies requiring correction, while automatic recovery returned the aircraft without pilot intervention. That result documents the tested conditions, not unrestricted immunity to loss of control. (icas.org)\n\nShort-field provisions include aerodynamic braking as well as wheel braking. After touchdown, coordinated canard and wing-control-surface deflections generate downforce, increasing the load available for effective braking. Saab publishes an 800 × 16 m road-strip operating figure for Gripen, but this is not a universal landing-distance specification independent of aircraft loading and operating conditions. Servicing access is also built into the airframe: the C-series has an avionics compartment accessible through the nose-wheel bay, while push-button-latched access panels reduce the work needed to open and close service points. An onboard auxiliary power unit supplies power without a fixed external installation, and internal diagnostic checks reduce dependence on separate ground equipment. (saab.com)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Propulsion, fuel systems, and performance",
      "text": "Gripen A/B and C/D use the Volvo RM12, an afterburning turbofan developed from General Electric’s F404 for the aircraft’s single-engine installation. Volvo Aero, subsequently incorporated into GKN Aerospace, adapted the engine during the 1980s to increase power and reliability compared with the original F404 installation in the twin-engine F/A-18. Saab identifies resistance to compressor surge during high-angle-of-attack and sideslip manoeuvres as an important selection requirement. Maximum thrust increased from approximately 71 kN for the original F404 version to 80.5 kN for the RM12. This is the maximum rating with afterburning, not the engine’s unaugmented thrust. GKN holds the RM12 type certificate and provides lifecycle engineering and support. (saab.com)\n\nGripen E/F instead use the F414-GE-39E, designated RM16 in Swedish service. GE lists this engine in the 22,000 lbf thrust class, approximately 98 kN; compared with the published RM12 rating, this represents about 22% more maximum thrust. The change accompanies a heavier aircraft with increased fuel and external-load capacity: Saab’s published maximum take-off mass rises from 14,000 kg for C/D to 16,500 kg for E/F. The F414 retains the F404 family’s basic design lineage but incorporates revised aerodynamics, turbine technology and cooling. Its adoption therefore provides additional propulsion capacity for the enlarged aircraft rather than constituting an interchangeable upgrade to the earlier Gripen installation. (geaerospace.com)\n\nSaab publishes an internal fuel load exceeding 2,400 kg for the single-seat Gripen C. Its fuel system includes integral wing tanks and fuselage tanks, including a self-sealing tank between the intake ducts; external drop tanks can be carried on fuel-connected pylons. For Gripen E, Saab describes approximately 40% more internal fuel than the preceding generation, with relocation of the main undercarriage into the wings freeing fuselage volume for fuel. External tanks supplement internal capacity but occupy carriage stations that can otherwise accommodate mission equipment or weapons. (saab.com)\n\nAerial refuelling became a production capability with C/D, using a retractable probe, and is retained on E/F. In April 2005, Saab reported completion of a 19-sortie C/D verification campaign with a South African Boeing 707 tanker, covering different speeds, altitudes and external loads. Tanker compatibility still requires aircraft-specific verification: on 14 November 2025, Saab and Embraer announced completion of the Brazilian F-39E/KC-390 refuelling flight-test campaign, with the resulting evidence proceeding to the relevant certification authorities. Completion of those flights was distinct from final certification. (regeringen.se)\n\nC/D published specifications\n\nThe following figures reproduce Saab’s C/D product data and Gripen C factsheet. C-specific figures are not automatically assigned to the two-seat D; a dash indicates that the cited publications do not provide a separate value. Saab’s headline speed and ferry-range figures do not specify a complete stores configuration or flight profile. (saab.com)\n\nParameter | Gripen C | Gripen D\nOverall length | 14.9 m | 15.6 m\nWingspan | 8.4 m | 8.4 m\nBasic empty mass | 6,800 kg | —\nMaximum take-off mass | 14,000 kg | 14,000 kg\nInternal fuel mass | >2,400 kg | —\nMaximum afterburning thrust | 80.5 kN | 80.5 kN\nMaximum speed at high altitude | Mach 2 | —\nMaximum service altitude | >52,500 ft (approximately 16,000 m) | —\nPublished ferry range | 3,000 km | —\n\nE/F published specifications\n\nDimensions, maximum take-off mass and thrust below follow Saab’s E/F product table; E performance figures follow its January 2021 Canadian-market brochure. That brochure labels its mission-distance figures “combat range” and “combat air patrol range,” without specifying payload, reserves or a complete mission profile. They are therefore retained under those labels rather than presented as standardized combat radii. Ferry range describes a transfer mission, not an out-and-back combat mission with weapons and time on station. (saab.com)\n\nParameter | Gripen E | Gripen F\nOverall length | 15.2 m | 15.9 m\nWingspan | 8.6 m | 8.6 m\nMaximum take-off mass | 16,500 kg | 16,500 kg\nMaximum afterburning thrust | 98 kN | 98 kN\nMaximum speed | Mach 2 | —\nPublished maximum altitude | >16,000 m | —\nPublished ferry range | 2,160 nmi (approximately 4,000 km) | —\nPublished “combat range” | 810 nmi (approximately 1,500 km) | —\nPublished “combat air patrol range” | 490 nmi (approximately 907 km) | —"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Cockpit, sensors, and electronic systems",
      "text": "The Gripen C/D cockpit combines three colour multifunction displays with a wide-angle head-up display (HUD), separating detailed navigation and tactical information from flight and aiming symbols presented in the pilot’s forward view. Gripen E replaces the three principal head-down displays with a configurable wide-area display (WAD), used for routes, threats, sensor tracks and aircraft-system information. Its hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) interface allows display and mission-system selections through controls on the centre stick and throttle; touchscreen and panel keys provide additional inputs. Helmet-mounted equipment also differs by generation: Cobra was integrated for C/D, whereas Saab documents Targo for E-series configurations. These systems present information within the pilot’s field of view rather than requiring continuous reference to the instrument panel. (saab.com)\n\nCrew arrangements distinguish the single-seat A, C and E from their two-seat B, D and F counterparts. The second cockpit is not simply an additional passenger position: it provides controls and displays for instruction and operational use. For Gripen F, Saab’s March 2020 configuration description specified both an instructional mode and a workload-sharing mode in which the two crew members can use different display settings. This permits the rear occupant to concentrate on selected mission functions while the front occupant flies, rather than requiring both displays to reproduce the same information. (saab.com)\n\nEarlier Gripens use the PS-05/A radar family, whose successive standards retain air-to-air and air-to-surface functions. Saab’s 2015 Mk4 documentation describes automatic target detection and tracking, ground-moving-target and sea-search modes, mapping, and missile data links for AMRAAM and Meteor; these are capabilities of that radar standard, not evidence that every earlier aircraft received it. Gripen E instead employs Leonardo’s Raven ES-05 active electronically scanned array (AESA). Its electronically steered beam is combined with a mechanically repositionable antenna, providing a published field of regard of \\(\\pm100^\\circ\\). This arrangement allows continued target and missile-data-link coverage while the aircraft turns substantially away from the target bearing. (saab.com)\n\nThe E-series sensor installation also includes Leonardo’s Skyward-G infrared search-and-track (IRST) system above the nose. It detects thermal emissions passively, complementing the radar without transmitting radar pulses; it is not a common built-in sensor across all Gripen generations. Identification is supported separately by an identification-friend-or-foe (IFF) interrogator and transponder. In February 2016, Finmeccanica announced IFF contracts for Swedish and Brazilian Gripen NG aircraft, specifying an M428 Mode 5 transponder and customer-specific cryptographic equipment. Separate IFF antennas permit interrogation in a direction different from the radar’s instantaneous pointing direction. (saab.com)\n\nGripen E’s integrated electronic-warfare system, designated MFS-EW and based on Saab’s Arexis technology, combines passive electronic support with active countermeasures. Wideband digital receivers and direction-finding equipment detect and locate emissions; digital radio-frequency memory and active-array jammer transmitters support electronic deception and interference. Radar-warning functions, missile-approach warning and expendable chaff and flares provide different layers of protection rather than interchangeable warning mechanisms. Radar, IRST, electronic-warfare and data-link information feed a common sensor-fusion system, which correlates inputs into a tactical picture instead of leaving the pilot to reconcile each sensor independently. (saab.com)\n\nNetworking likewise depends on national configuration. Saab describes the Tactical Information Data Link System (TIDLS) for exchanges within a Gripen tactical unit, alongside Link 16 or a national data link for wider connectivity with airborne surveillance aircraft and command-and-control centres. The C-series supports Link 16, but that international interface should not be equated with every operator’s complete communications fit. In Brazil, Link-BR2 is a nationally developed tactical-data-link programme intended to connect air, land and naval platforms, including the F-39 Gripen. Brazilian Air Force programme documentation identifies development, integration and validation as explicit project stages; its inclusion in the programme therefore does not by itself establish operational installation throughout the Gripen fleet. (saab.com)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Armament and mission equipment",
      "text": "The single-seat Gripen C and E have an internally mounted 27 mm Mauser BK27 cannon; the two-seat D and F omit the gun. Saab specifies eight external carriage stations for C/D and ten for E/F. On C/D, these comprise two wingtip stations, four underwing stations, a centreline station and an offset fuselage station for a targeting pod. These positions are not interchangeable: Saab’s carriage diagram distinguishes light wingtip missile stations from heavier underwing positions and the dedicated pod installation. Station count therefore does not mean that an aircraft can carry that number of any selected weapon. Structural capacity, launcher compatibility and clearance of a particular aircraft–store combination are separate constraints. (saab.com)\n\nAir-to-air armament varies with operator and equipment standard. The Czech Republic initially operated its C/D aircraft with AIM-9M Sidewinder short-range infrared-guided missiles and AIM-120C-5 AMRAAM radar-guided beyond-visual-range missiles; Sweden also adopted the infrared-guided IRIS-T. The major subsequent addition was Meteor, whose ramjet propulsion sustains powered flight during a long-range engagement. Its guidance combines inertial mid-course navigation, datalink updates and an active radar seeker. On 11 July 2016, Saab, the Swedish Air Force and the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration announced Meteor’s entry into Swedish Gripen C/D service through the MS20 standard, making Gripen the first operational Meteor platform. Swedish Air Force chief Major General Mats Helgesson described the force as being in its initial operational capability phase with the missile. (acr.mo.gov.cz)\n\nMeteor integration on E was a separate qualification activity, not an automatic consequence of C/D clearance. In October 2018, test aircraft 39-8 first flew with two Meteors; Saab explicitly identified this as a carriage-test milestone preceding further configuration testing and flight-envelope expansion. Similarly, Saab’s published E-series configuration of up to seven Meteors and two IRIS-T missiles describes an advertised carriage capability, rather than establishing that every customer has purchased or operationally cleared that load. (saab.com)\n\nDocumented air-to-surface equipment includes both powered missiles and precision-guided bombs. During Exercise Légi Fölény 2018 at Vidsel, Hungarian C/D aircraft conducted their first live firings with two AGM-65 Maverick variants and released GBU-12 laser-guided and Mk 82 unguided bombs. Sweden’s 2016 MS20 standard integrated the GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb, an unpowered precision stand-off weapon; four bombs fit on one launcher, with Saab publishing a maximum load of sixteen. Maritime strike is a distinct mission: Sweden’s Gripen armament includes the RBS15F anti-ship missile, originally carried by the Viggen. This established integration should not be conflated with every later RBS15 model. Likewise, Taurus KEPD 350 and AGM-154 JSOW appear in Saab’s weapon-option illustrations, but those illustrations alone do not establish operational clearance or procurement by a particular operator. (honvedelem.hu)\n\nExternal mission sensors support weapon employment and reconnaissance without being weapons themselves. A targeting pod supplies imagery, tracking and laser designation: in April 2024, Saab reported that LITENING 5, previously ordered for Gripen E, had also been integrated on C/D. Reconnaissance pods instead collect imagery for intelligence exploitation. Saab’s Modular Reconnaissance Pod System connects to aircraft avionics through a MIL-STD-1553B data bus and a video interface, with digital storage and provision for different sensor payloads. The Swedish MS20 upgrade added infrared reconnaissance capability, cockpit image display and increased recording capacity. (saab.com)\n\nWeapon integration combines physical interfaces with mission software and testing. C-series pylons use MIL-STD-1553B data connections and MIL-STD-1760-type interfaces, but standardized connections do not themselves certify a weapon. Meteor qualification included software verification, safe-separation firings, aircraft–missile datalink checks, seeker evaluation and handling validation. On the ground, Gripen’s Mission Support System combines tactical intelligence and map data for planning and rehearsal, then supports post-flight analysis and reporting. Consequently, an advertised option, a successful test release and an accepted operational configuration represent different stages of capability introduction. (saab.com)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Production variants and demonstrators",
      "text": "JAS 39A was the original single-seat production Gripen, developed for the fighter, attack and reconnaissance roles specified by Sweden. The first production aircraft was accepted by the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) on 8 June 1993, a delivery milestone distinct from operational introduction. JAS 39B was its tandem-seat derivative, intended primarily for pilot conversion rather than as a separate mission-specialist aircraft. It first flew on 29 April 1996, crewed by Clas Jensen and Ola Rignell. The A/B designations therefore distinguish seating arrangements within the original generation, not successive equipment standards. (saab.com)\n\nJAS 39C and the two-seat JAS 39D adapted the aircraft for export and international operations. Changes included an in-flight-refuelling probe and communications, identification and data-link equipment supporting interoperability with NATO forces. Saab delivered the first Swedish JAS 39C, aircraft 39.208, to FMV on 6 September 2002. C/D aircraft were not exclusively conversions: production aircraft were supplemented by rebuilding earlier airframes, including a contract signed on 17 October 2007 to bring 31 Swedish A/B aircraft to C/D standard. The variant letters also need to be distinguished from successive equipment and software releases. For example, MS20 introduced hardware and software enhancements within the C/D family without creating another lettered variant; national fleets could consequently share a C/D designation while differing in installed equipment and cleared capabilities. (saab.com)\n\nThe Gripen Demo programme provided the experimental bridge to the aircraft marketed as Gripen NG, or “Next Generation”, and subsequently developed as E/F. Its flying testbed, 39-7, first flew on 27 May 2008 with Mikael Seidl and Magnus Ljungdahl. It was a rebuilt experimental aircraft, accompanied by a ground-based avionics rig, rather than the first production E or F. Its development programme covered the General Electric F414 engine installation, revised fuel tanks and landing gear, new radar technology and increased stores capacity. These changes required testing of engine mounts, intake arrangements, engine-bay ventilation, electronic engine controls and aircraft–engine communications, rather than simply substituting one powerplant for another. (saab.com)\n\nGripen E, the single-seat production development, retained the family’s general aerodynamic configuration but combined substantial structural, propulsion and electronic changes. These included greater fuel capacity, the F414 engine, ten external carriage stations, a new sensor suite and a different avionics architecture. It was therefore a substantial redesign rather than a C-model equipment upgrade. The first complete pre-production E, 39-8, was distinct from the Demo testbed. Marcus Wandt flew it from Linköping on 15 June 2017 for a 40-minute maiden flight. Gripen F is the corresponding two-seat development, combining conversion-training and combat functions; its first flight took place on 28 August 2026, with Jakob Högberg and Brazilian Air Force test pilot Abdon de Rezende Vasconcelos aboard. (saab.com)\n\nIn Brazil, the single- and two-seat aircraft carry the national designations F-39E and F-39F. The original 2014 development and production contract covered 28 E and eight F aircraft, with Brazil participating in development of the two-seater. Brazilian configuration requirements included a revised cockpit centred on a Wide Area Display. The first Brazilian E, Saab number 39-6001 and Brazilian serial 4100, first flew on 26 August 2019 with that cockpit layout, two small head-down displays, a new head-up display and updated flight-control software. National designations and configurations should not be confused with separate aircraft generations. Likewise, Sea Gripen, subsequently promoted as Gripen Maritime, was a proposed carrier-based derivative of E/F, not a production variant or a flown naval demonstrator. (saab.com)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Manufacturing and international industrial cooperation",
      "text": "Saab’s Linköping site in Sweden combines Gripen airframe production, final assembly, systems integration and flight testing. Its production network also incorporates Brazilian-built structures: Saab’s São Bernardo do Campo plant supplies sections to assembly facilities in both countries. Domestic engine responsibilities are distinct from aircraft assembly. GKN Aerospace, successor to Volvo Aero, holds the RM12 engine’s type certificate and provides manufacturing, assembly and lifecycle support for the C/D powerplant, originally developed and produced with General Electric from the F404. For E/F, GE supplies the F414-GE-39E, while Leonardo supplies the Raven ES-05 radar, Skyward-G infrared search-and-track sensor and identification-friend-or-foe equipment. Swedish integration therefore brings together nationally developed systems and imported major assemblies rather than an exclusively domestic component set. (saab.com)\n\nBrazil entered the programme through the October 2014 agreement covering development and production of 36 aircraft, alongside industrial cooperation and technology transfer. Embraer’s responsibilities encompass engineering, systems integration, flight testing, final assembly and delivery; it also shares development responsibility for the two-seat Gripen F. The Gripen Design and Development Network opened at Embraer’s Gavião Peixoto premises on 22 November 2016. Its development environment and simulators connect Brazilian teams with Saab in Sweden, allowing work on vehicle systems, structures, avionics and integration within a shared engineering programme. Brazil’s flight-test work subsequently included flight-control and environmental-control testing, tropical-climate trials and verification of national equipment such as Link-BR2. (saab.com)\n\nOther Brazilian participants received defined engineering and equipment work packages. Akaer contributed to rear- and central-fuselage design, the wing box, landing-gear doors and cannon installation; Atech’s April 2016 agreement covered development simulators, training systems and ground-support systems. AEL Sistemas became a supplier of cockpit displays for the wider E/F programme, extending Brazilian participation beyond aircraft ordered by Brazil. Training supported these assignments rather than constituting a separate familiarization exercise: Brazilian personnel worked alongside Swedish specialists in aircraft assembly, systems integration and other technical disciplines before returning to perform corresponding work packages. Saab reports more than 350 specialists trained in Sweden, over 600,000 training hours and 62 transfer projects. (saab.com)\n\nBrazilian manufacturing developed in two stages. Saab announced the start of aerostructure production at São Bernardo do Campo in July 2020, initially covering tail cones and single-seat forward fuselages. Saab and Embraer inaugurated the Gavião Peixoto final-assembly line on 9 May 2023, assigning it 15 Gripen E aircraft from the original contract. The line joins structures from Sweden and Brazil, installs wiring, equipment, landing gear, avionics, radar and engine, and conducts functional tests before production flights. The first Embraer-produced Gripen E flew on 7 October 2026; that flight began its production flight-test and acceptance campaign, rather than marking delivery to the air force. (saab.com)\n\nIndustrial cooperation has also taken forms other than local aircraft manufacture. Under Hungary’s amended 2003 agreement, Gripen International committed to offsets worth 110% of the aircraft agreement’s value, including investments equivalent to 32%. The contractual timetable allowed 14 years from the original 2001 agreement, with half the obligations due within eight years. The commitment was expressed as net credited value without multipliers. These figures describe contractual compensation obligations, not the percentage of Hungarian content in the aircraft or an independently measured economic benefit. (saab.com)\n\nThe resulting multinational supply chain also carries export-control dependencies. Saab’s disclosures specifically identify British-origin Gripen E radar sensors and components and technology from the United States as subject to their countries’ export rules in addition to Swedish requirements. Its supplier procedures require disclosure of export classifications and restrictions for products, software, technology and services. Final assembly in Sweden or Brazil consequently does not remove the need for applicable supplier-country authorizations; controlled technical information and software transfers can require approval as well as physical equipment deliveries. (saab.com)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Procurement, operators, and export competitions",
      "text": "Sweden completed its original procurement of 204 Gripen A/B/C/D aircraft with the handover of the 204th aircraft on 26 November 2008; this cumulative delivery figure is not an operational-fleet total. A separate production order covered 60 Gripen E aircraft in 2013. The Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) formally handed the first E to the armed forces on 20 October 2025, with further deliveries scheduled through 2030. Acceptance by FMV, handover to an air force, and operational readiness therefore represent different procurement milestones. (riksdagen.se)\n\nThe table records dated contractual and fleet milestones rather than combining figures from different years into a single current inventory. “Delivered” does not mean that every aircraft is serviceable; storage, withdrawal and aircraft losses are identified separately where specified.\n\nOperator or customer | Contracted aircraft and acquisition arrangement | Delivered and operational status | Stored, withdrawn or lost aircraft\nSweden | Original 204 A/B/C/D; separate order for 60 E | Original procurement completed in November 2008; first E handed to the armed forces in October 2025, alongside the existing C/D system | Original deliveries must not be read as the surviving operational inventory. (riksdagen.se)\nCzech Republic | 12 C and two D leased from Sweden under the 2004 agreement; September 2025 contract provides for continued leasing of 12 aircraft through 2035 | All 14 original aircraft arrived during April–August 2005 | Reduction from 14 to 12 under the successor lease is distinct from aircraft retirement. (acr.mo.gov.cz)\nHungary | Original 12 C and two D under lease-purchase, with ownership transfer scheduled for early 2026; four additional C purchased in 2024 | Additional deliveries completed on 23 June 2026, bringing the fleet to 16 C and two D at that date | A subsequent Gripen crash was reported on 24 August 2026. (government.se)\n[[south-africa | South Africa]] | 26 C/D purchased: 17 C and nine D | Deliveries began in 2008; all 26 had been contractually handed over by 2012\n[[thailand | Thailand]] | 12 C/D purchased under 2008 and 2010 contracts; three E and one F ordered in August 2025 | Six C/D delivered in 2011 and six in 2013; E/F contract work scheduled for 2025–2030\nBrazil | 2014 contract for 28 E and eight F, owned by Brazil | Saab reported 11 aircraft handed over by 2 June 2026; the first F had been rolled out but still required flight testing before final delivery | The undelivered balance remained procurement, not operational inventory. (saab.com)\n[[colombia | Colombia]] | November 2025 purchase of 15 E and two F | Contractual delivery period: 2026–2032\nUkraine | June 2026 FMV contract for 16 E intended for Ukraine | Saab-to-FMV deliveries scheduled for 2029–2030 | Separate proposed C/D donations are not deliveries under the E contract. (saab.com)\n\nEuropean export arrangements differed principally in ownership. The Czech agreement retained Swedish ownership while providing aircraft, support and training; its September 2025 extension was intended to bridge the transition to F-35 aircraft, with Gripen leasing ending in 2035. Hungary instead adopted lease-purchase, subsequently adding four aircraft through a purchase agreement that also provided support and logistics for 2026–2036. (ikp.mo.gov.cz)\n\nBrazil selected Gripen NG on 18 December 2013 and announced its approximately SEK 39.3 billion development-and-production contract on 27 October 2014. Thailand’s later E/F order, announced on 25 August 2025, was placed through FMV and valued at approximately SEK 5.3 billion, including equipment, support and training. Colombia’s €3.1 billion contract followed on 15 November 2025, covering aircraft, weapons, equipment, training and services. These package prices have different contractual boundaries and are not comparable aircraft-only unit prices. (saab.com)\n\nUnsuccessful selections and prospective purchases require separate treatment. Switzerland’s proposed Gripen acquisition did not proceed after voters rejected the Gripen Fund Act on 18 May 2014. Finland’s HX competition instead resulted in government authorization to procure 64 F-35As on 10 December 2021. Conversely, Ukraine’s negotiations advanced from the May 2026 declaration—when Saab explicitly reported no contract or order—to a firm 16-aircraft contract on 30 June 2026. Neither an earlier expression of interest nor a larger stated ambition should be counted as an additional order. (admin.ch)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Operational service and deployments",
      "text": "In Sweden, Gripen units perform air-defence alert duties by maintaining aircraft ready to investigate, identify and, when necessary, intervene against aircraft approaching or entering national airspace. The Swedish Armed Forces describes the alert force as comprising at least one pair of fighters, with readiness adjusted to the security situation. Such interceptions are operational sovereignty missions, not necessarily combat engagements or evidence of an airspace violation. On 19 September 2025, for example, Swedish Gripens took over surveillance of three Russian MiG-31s from allied aircraft and accompanied them through international airspace towards Kaliningrad; Swedish airspace was not violated during the interception. (forsvarsmakten.se)\n\nThe 2011 deployment over Libya placed Swedish Gripens in an actual armed-conflict operation rather than routine air policing. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, adopted on 17 March, authorized measures to protect civilians and established a no-fly zone. On 1 April, the Swedish parliament approved participation in the NATO-led Operation Unified Protector, subject to a national restriction prohibiting attacks on ground targets except in self-defence. The initial contribution included eight Gripens; the first aircraft departed Ronneby on 2 April for Sigonella air base in Sicily. Their authorization to help enforce the no-fly zone therefore did not extend to the offensive ground-attack missions undertaken by other coalition aircraft. (riksdagen.se)\n\nReconnaissance became the principal Swedish contribution. The June parliamentary extension specified a force of no more than five Gripens, with supporting resources including aerial refuelling, and broadened the reconnaissance remit to support implementation of Resolution 1973 as a whole while retaining the exclusion of ground-attack operations. Swedish imagery documented ground fighting and movements for NATO analysis. In its post-deployment account, the Swedish military technical journal TIFF reported 650 operational missions, nearly 2,000 flying hours and more than 150,000 reconnaissance images during the April–October deployment. These figures describe reconnaissance and other operational flying, not 650 weapons-delivery missions. (riksdagen.se)\n\nGripens operated by the Czech Republic and Hungary have repeatedly served in NATO’s air-policing rotations. In September 2019, four Czech Gripens deployed to Ämari, Estonia, supporting Belgian and Danish detachments operating from Šiauliai, Lithuania. Hungary’s third Baltic rotation, completed in December 2022 after earlier deployments in 2015 and 2019, employed four Gripens and 77 personnel on quick-reaction-alert duties, supported by the Czech air force. These deployments provided fighter coverage for Baltic allies without their own suitable aircraft, rather than constituting wartime strike campaigns. (nato.int)\n\nMultinational training also accompanies operational deployments. During the Swedish and British deployment to Malbork, Poland, in April 2025, Royal Air Force Typhoons simulated an adversary formation and Swedish Gripens scrambled to intercept them, with support from a German A400M tanker. The exercise involved RAF No. II (Army Cooperation) Squadron and Sweden’s 211 and 212 Fighter Squadrons. It practised interception, aerial refuelling and cooperation between aircrews and ground personnel within an enhanced-air-policing deployment; the simulated interception itself was a training sortie, distinct from a live alert response. (raf.mod.uk)\n\nIn Brazil, a ceremony at Anápolis air base on 19 December 2022 marked the beginning of F-39E operational activities with the First Air Defence Group, following flight testing and military airworthiness certification. This service-introduction milestone did not mean that every national weapons and operational qualification had been completed. On 29 December 2025, the Brazilian Air Force reported full operational capability following certification of refuelling from the KC-390, live Meteor missile launches and the first domestic aerial cannon-firing exercise. The F-39 was subsequently employed for the first time on Brazil’s air-defence alert mission on 24 February 2026, a further, separately dated operational milestone. (saab.com)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Dispersed operations, maintenance, and training",
      "text": "Gripen’s support arrangements reflect Sweden’s Cold War policy of dispersing combat aircraft rather than concentrating them at permanent airfields. Road runways, separate aircraft servicing areas, and mobile ground-support teams were intended to preserve flying operations after attacks on established bases. Saab specifies an operating strip of 800 × 16 metres for the C-series; this refers to a suitable runway, not to unrestricted operation from ordinary roads. Deployable tools and servicing equipment reduce dependence on fixed infrastructure, while the aircraft’s auxiliary power unit supplies onboard power without an external generator. Mobile logistics therefore forms part of the aircraft system: rapid landing and take-off alone would not sustain dispersed operations without personnel, fuel, weapons, and replacement components. (saab.com)\n\nPublished turnaround times describe particular servicing tasks, not every interval between operational sorties. For Gripen C/D, Saab gives less than ten minutes for refuelling and rearming an air-to-air configuration and less than twenty minutes for an air-to-ground configuration. Its support account describes the air-to-air task as requiring one technician and five conscript mechanics, with ten weeks’ training for the latter. These are manufacturer figures for the stated mission categories, not fleet-wide averages or automatically applicable E/F specifications. Saab also states that a C-series engine can be replaced and tested in the field in under one hour. Such a component-change time is distinct from diagnosing an unfamiliar fault, obtaining a replacement, or repairing the removed assembly. (saab.com)\n\nMaintenance design emphasizes accessible equipment and rapid exchange of line-replaceable units, allowing an unserviceable assembly to be removed without repairing its internal components beside the aircraft. Saab describes on-condition maintenance alongside quick component replacement, with supply-chain support contributing directly to aircraft availability. Diagnostic work uses maintenance-checking software and aircraft fault-checking systems; the associated ground-support system belongs to a wider digital support environment that also handles mission preparation and other functions. Technician preparation is broader than routine turnaround training: Saab describes unit technicians trained across the aircraft system, and on 4 December 2015 announced Swedish military authorization to provide Gripen technician instruction for domestic and export customers. (saab.com)\n\nPilot conversion combines classroom instruction, simulators, and flying in single- and two-seat aircraft. A documented example is the Brazilian programme at F 7 Wing, Såtenäs: Saab reported in July 2023 that conversion comprised eleven weeks and fifty flights per pilot, followed by approximately nine weeks and twenty-five flights of combat-readiness training. Students used Gripen C/D before undertaking E conversion in Brazil, principally supported by planning stations and simulators. Two-seat aircraft permit instructor-supervised conversion, but also support specialist instruction: Gripen D was selected for Empire Test Pilots’ School test-pilot and flight-test-engineer courses under a 2015–2018 agreement. Simulators provide emergency procedures unsuitable for deliberate reproduction in flight and can be linked for multi-aircraft tactical training. (saab.com)\n\nAvailability, turnaround time, and cost per flying hour measure different aspects of support. Actual readiness also depends on funded maintenance contracts and spares: a South African parliamentary report recorded Armscor’s statement that no South African Gripens were serviceable on 16 February 2022, notwithstanding the design’s maintenance provisions. Cost comparisons likewise require explicit accounting boundaries. Saab’s account of a 2012 Jane’s study identifies fuel, pre-flight preparation and repair, scheduled airfield-level maintenance, and associated personnel as its cost-per-flight-hour categories; this is not an operator-reported total life-cycle account. Whole-life assessment additionally distinguishes acquisition from operating and support expenditure. Fleet size, annual flying hours, price year, and included maintenance categories affect comparisons, so a manufacturer-promoted hourly estimate cannot establish an operator’s lifetime expenditure or the operating cost of another Gripen generation. (parliament.gov.za)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Modernization and continuing development",
      "text": "The Swedish MS20 standard illustrates how C/D modernization combined software changes with weapon integration, sensor improvements and operational testing. On 11 July 2016, Saab announced that MS20 had been certified, approved and accepted into Swedish service following testing by the Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) and the Gripen Operational Test and Evaluation unit. It enabled operational use of Meteor and integrated the GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb, while adding reconnaissance-pod improvements, expanded Link 16 data exchange and ground-collision avoidance functions. These were selectable capabilities rather than an identical equipment package for every operator. The Czech Republic, for example, incorporated its MS20 software into both single- and two-seat aircraft on 12 March 2018; its package included new radar modes, air-to-ground capabilities and communications improvements. (saab.com)\n\nContinued C/D development was funded alongside introduction of the E generation. On 16 December 2022, FMV ordered approximately SEK 3.5 billion of C/D upgrades for the 2023–2029 contract period. The announced work covered radar hardware and software improvements, continued operability, and upgraded support systems and data links intended to improve interoperability with Gripen E. The contract explicitly addressed prolonged parallel operation of the two generations, rather than treating E deliveries as an immediate replacement for C/D modernization. (saab.com)\n\nThe E/F avionics architecture separates flight-critical functions from tactical and mission-system functions. According to Saab’s technical accounts, software abstraction layers and standardized interfaces reduce dependencies between applications, platform software and computers, allowing mission functions or processing hardware to change without necessarily changing both. The certification distinction is important: mission-system changes need not automatically reopen qualification of unaffected flight-critical software, but the architecture does not eliminate verification of new functions. In November 2016, Saab described testing in rigs and simulators and its decision to complete full software qualification of the system architecture before the first flight, rather than proceed with partial qualification. This combined a qualified baseline with provisions for subsequent incremental development. (saab.com)\n\nParallel operation also requires configuration-specific training and support. The Swedish Armed Forces described Gripen E in October 2025 as effectively a new aircraft type: C/D pilots would recognize its handling, but would encounter different decision-making demands from additional sensors, information and weapons. A concrete transition arrangement was documented for Brazil in July 2023: pilots trained on Swedish C/D aircraft before undertaking E conversion in Brazil using local planning stations and simulators. Together, these arrangements illustrate why shared handling characteristics do not make qualification or mission-system configurations interchangeable. FMV’s approximately SEK 2.5 billion development-support contract for 2026–2028 retained rigs, simulators and test aircraft for verification and validation of both C/D and E. (forsvarsmakten.se)\n\nHardware demonstrations remained distinguishable from fleet upgrade commitments. On 8 April 2020, a Gripen D flew a 90-minute trial with Saab’s new X-band active electronically scanned array radar, testing airborne and ground targets. Saab presented the gallium-nitride-based radar as an addition to the PS-05/A family that could be offered to C/D operators. The announcement documented an airborne demonstration and an upgrade offering, not acceptance of that radar into an operator’s fleet. (saab.com)\n\nSoftware experimentation subsequently included Project Beyond, financed by FMV within Sweden’s Future Fighter Systems concept programme. On 11 June 2025, Saab and Helsing reported three Gripen E flights with Helsing’s Centaur artificial-intelligence agent, beginning on 28 May. Saab reported that Centaur controlled manoeuvring in beyond-visual-range scenarios and cued the pilot to fire; the third flight, on 3 June, used a real Gripen D as the opposing aircraft. Trials varied starting geometry and data availability. These were funded flight experiments followed by planned data analysis and further agent training, not an announcement of operational fleet deployment. (saab.com)"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    "sweden",
    "cold-war",
    "radar",
    "feedback",
    "brazil",
    "czech-republic",
    "hungary",
    "global-value-chain",
    "united-states",
    "south-africa",
    "thailand",
    "colombia",
    "libya",
    "infrastructure",
    "logistics",
    "computer",
    "artificial-intelligence"
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "title": "SOU 1993:119 – JAS 39 Gripen",
      "url": "https://lagen.nu/sou/1993%3A119"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen - från multi-role till AI",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/sv/markets/sweden/stories/2026/gripen---fran-multi-role-till-ai"
    },
    {
      "title": "Aerodynamic and Flight Dynamic Real-Time Analysis During Spin and Carefree Maneuvering Tests of the Saab JAS39 Gripen",
      "url": "https://www.icas.org/icas_archive/ICAS2002/PAPERS/532.PDF"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen E Timeline: Main Milestones of Gripen Programme",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/globalassets/markets/brazil/4.-gripen/brochures/success-of-a-true-collaboration.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Med blicken mot framtiden",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/sv/markets/sweden/om-saab-i-sverige/var-historia/i-luften"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen C-series foldout",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/globalassets/products/aeronautics/gripen-c-series/gripen_c-foldout.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen’s STOL Capabilities Originate from a Unique Air Basing System",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/markets/india/gripen-for-india/technology/gripens-stol-capabilities-originate-from-a-unique-air-basing-system"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen Designed for Dispersed Air Basing System",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/stories/2020/august/gripen-designed-for-dispersed-air-basing-system"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen's smart support solution",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/stories/2018/july/gripens-smart-support-solution"
    },
    {
      "title": "RM12 Engine: Supporting Gripen For More Than 300,000 Flying Hours",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/stories/2020/june/rm12-engine-supporting-gripen-for-more-than-300000-flying-hours"
    },
    {
      "title": "The Engine That has Gripen’s Back",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/markets/india/gripen-for-india/technology/the-engine-that-has-gripens-back"
    },
    {
      "title": "F414 Engine",
      "url": "https://www.geaerospace.com/military-defense/engines/f414"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen C-series",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/products/gripen-c-series"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen C in brief",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/globalassets/products/aeronautics/gripen-c-series/gripen_c_factsheet.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen E-series",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/products/gripen-e-series"
    },
    {
      "title": "Saab Australia Security and Defence Brochure 2017",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/globalassets/markets/australia/saab-australia-security-and-defence-brochure-2017.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen E Features High Weapon Flexibility",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/markets/india/gripen-for-india/gripen-for-india/gripen-e-features-high-weapon-flexibility"
    },
    {
      "title": "Försvarsminister Peter Hultqvist: Sammanfattning 2014–2022",
      "url": "https://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/289cddb99dca4f80b9b10d2e6efabea6/forsvarsminister-peter-hultqvist-sammanfattning-2014-2022.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen successfully completes air-to-air refueling campaign with NATO standard compatible tanker",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2005/gripen-successfully-completes-air-to-air-refueling-campaign-with-nato-standard-compatible-tanker"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen: For the evolved dogfights of today",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/markets/india/gripen-for-india/technology/gripen-power-for-a-dogfight"
    },
    {
      "title": "The Cockpit of the Future",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/markets/india/gripen-for-india/technology/the-cockpit-of-the-future"
    },
    {
      "title": "Saab Canada interactive brochure",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/contentassets/e8ba68d67f3d4974bedb48ea1d786237/saab_canada_interactive_brochure_2021_01_29.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "The Cobra Helmet Mounted Display System",
      "url": "https://www.icas.org/ICAS_ARCHIVE/ICAS2010/PAPERS/562.PDF"
    },
    {
      "title": "Saab delivers latest Gripen, the first JAS 39C for Sweden",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2002/saab-delivers-latest-gripen-the-first-jas-39c-for-sweden"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen F Fighter Production Under way",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2020/gripen-f-fighter-production-under-way"
    },
    {
      "title": "PS-05/A Mk4",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/globalassets/products/surveillance/ps-05a-fighter-radar/ps-05-a-mk4.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Raven ES-05",
      "url": "https://electronics.leonardo.com/documents/16277707/18405906/LDO_UK25_01594%2BRaven%2BES-05%2BLQ.pdf?t=1760606439635"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen E/F Test Programme Moves to Tactical and Sensor Systems",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/stories/2020/april/gripen-ef-test-programme-moves-to-tactical-and-sensor-systems"
    },
    {
      "title": "Finmeccanica announces contracts to provide IFF systems for Swedish and Brazilian Saab Gripen NG aircraft",
      "url": "https://www.leonardo.com/en/press-release-detail/-/detail//iff-gripen"
    },
    {
      "title": "Vyslání českých gripenů do Libye je nereálné | Armáda ČR",
      "url": "https://acr.mo.gov.cz/informacni-servis/zpravodajstvi/vyslani-ceskych-gripenu-do-libye-je-nerealne--53334/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Schweden beschafft weitere IRIS-T SLS Systeme | Diehl Defence",
      "url": "https://new.diehl.com/defence/de/presse-medien/news/schweden-beschafft-weitere-iris-t-sls-systeme"
    },
    {
      "title": "Meteor | Saab",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/products/meteor"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen Leads The World With New Operational Capabilities",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2016/gripen-leads-the-world-with-new-operational-capabilities"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen E Flies with Meteor",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2018/gripen-e-flies-with-meteor"
    },
    {
      "title": "Magyar mérföldkő Svédországban",
      "url": "https://honvedelem.hu/media/aktualis-videok/magyar-merfoldko-svedorszagban.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "Saab extends the time period for the Swedish Air Force's anti-ship missile",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2010/saab-extends-the-time-period-for-the-swedish-air-forces-anti-ship-missile"
    },
    {
      "title": "Choose your weapon",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/globalassets/products/aeronautics/gripen-c-series/gripen_c_packing-iron"
    },
    {
      "title": "Saab receives equipment order for Gripen",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2024/saab-receives-equipment-order-for-gripen"
    },
    {
      "title": "Contract finalized on Gripen’s future",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2007/contract-finalized-on-gripens-future"
    },
    {
      "title": "Five things you should know about Gripen C/D",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/stories/2021/may/five-things-you-should-know-about-gripen-c"
    },
    {
      "title": "Saab’s maiden flight with Gripen Demo",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2008/saabs-maiden-flight-with-gripen-demo"
    },
    {
      "title": "Saab starts assembly of first pre-production Gripen E",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2013/saab-starts-assembly-of-first-pre-production-gripen-e"
    },
    {
      "title": "A Look at Gripen E’s Choice of Power",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/markets/india/gripen-for-india/technology/a-look-at-gripen-es-choice-of-power"
    },
    {
      "title": "First flight success for Gripen E",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2017/first-flight-success-for-gripen-e"
    },
    {
      "title": "Saab presents first Gripen F",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2026/saab-presents-first-gripen-f"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen F conclui primeiro voo",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/pt-br/markets/brasil/noticias/2026/gripen-f-conclui-primeiro-voo"
    },
    {
      "title": "Saab starts Gripen Production in Brazil",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2020/saab-starts-gripen-production-in-brazil"
    },
    {
      "title": "GE and Volvo Expand Cooperation Into F414 Engine",
      "url": "https://www.geaerospace.com/news/press-releases/defense-engines/ge-and-volvo-expand-cooperation-f414-engine"
    },
    {
      "title": "Saab and Embraer Inaugurate the Gripen Design and Development Network in Brazil",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/globalassets/cision/documents/2016/20161122-saab-and-embraer-inaugurate-the-gripen-design-and-development-network-in-brazil-en-0-2372896.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "The first Brazilian Gripen has flown in Brazil",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2020/the-first-brazilian-gripen-has-flown-in-brazil"
    },
    {
      "title": "Saab And Atech Partner In Brazilian Gripen Programme",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2016/saab-and-atech-partner-in-brazilian-gripen-programme"
    },
    {
      "title": "Transferência de tecnologia e cooperação industrial",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/pt-br/markets/brasil/programa-gripen-brasileiro/transferencia-de-tecnologia"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen E production line inaugurated in Brazil",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2023/gripen-e-production-line-inaugurated-in-brazil"
    },
    {
      "title": "Fábrica de montagem final do Gripen",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/pt-br/markets/brasil/operacoes/fabrica-de-montagem-final-do-gripen"
    },
    {
      "title": "Ekonomiskt överskott i JAS 39 Gripen-projektet",
      "url": "https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/skriftlig-fraga/ekonomiskt-overskott-i-jas-39-gripen-projektet_gw11356/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Year-end report 2013 presentation",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/globalassets/corporate/investor-relations/reports/2013/q4/year-end-report-2013-presentation.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen - Agreements",
      "url": "https://acr.mo.gov.cz/scripts/detail.php?id=6364"
    },
    {
      "title": "Za 20 let služby nalétaly gripeny 38 tisíc hodin, nejbližší misí bude Island",
      "url": "https://acr.mo.gov.cz/informacni-servis/zpravodajstvi/za-20-let-sluzby-naletaly-gripeny-38-tisic-hodin--nejblizsi-misi-bude-island-257591/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Smlouva na další pronájem Gripenů byla podepsána",
      "url": "https://ikp.mo.gov.cz/aktualita/smlouva-na-dalsi-pronajem-gripenu-byla-podepsana"
    },
    {
      "title": "Final deliveries of Hungarian Gripen fighters",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2026/final-deliveries-of-hungarian-gripen-fighters"
    },
    {
      "title": "Saab AB interim report half-year presentation 2012",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/globalassets/corporate/investor-relations/reports/2012/q2/saab-ab-interim-report-half-year-presentation-2012_19-july.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen program update",
      "url": "https://www.saairforce.co.za/news-and-events/1136/gripen-program-update"
    },
    {
      "title": "Saab Receives Steady State Support Order For South African Gripen",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2013/saab-receives-steady-state-support-order-for-south-african-gripen"
    },
    {
      "title": "Sveriges incidentberedskap – så fungerar den",
      "url": "https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/aktuellt/nyheter/sveriges-incidentberedskap---sa-fungerar-den/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Svensk incidentberedskap i insats mot ryskt stridsflyg över Östersjön",
      "url": "https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/kontakt/press-och-media/svensk-incidentberedskap-i-insats-mot-ryskt-s/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Sveriges deltagande i fem internationella militära insatser – en uppföljning av konsekvenserna för den nationella försvarsförmågan",
      "url": "https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/rapport-fran-riksdagen/sveriges-deltagande-i-fem-internationella-militara_h90wrfr13/html/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Parliament approves Libyan deployment",
      "url": "https://www.sverigesradio.se/artikel/4433550"
    },
    {
      "title": "Fortsatt svenskt deltagande i den internationella militära insatsen i Libyen",
      "url": "https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/betankande/fortsatt-svenskt-deltagande-i-den-internationella_gy01uf%C3%B6u4/"
    },
    {
      "title": "TIFF, nr 1, 2012",
      "url": "https://ebooks.exakta.se/tiff/tiff_1201/pubData/source/TIFF%202012-01%20xonline.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark take up NATO air-policing duties",
      "url": "https://www.nato.int/en/news-and-events/articles/news/2019/09/03/belgium-czech-republic-denmark-take-up-nato-air-policing-duties"
    },
    {
      "title": "Hungarian Air Force completes Baltic Air Policing mission",
      "url": "https://defence.hu/news/hungarian-air-force-completes-baltic-air-policing-mission.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "F-39 Gripen entra em operação na Força Aérea Brasileira",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/globalassets/markets/brazil/1.-press-releases-and-news-from-saab/2022/221219---gripen-entra-em-operacao-na-forca-aerea-brasileira_.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen: Delivering High Operational Availability",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/markets/india/gripen-for-india/gripen-for-india/gripen-delivering-high-operational-availability"
    },
    {
      "title": "How Gripen's Availability is Maximised at All Times",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/stories/2020/october/how-gripens-availability-is-maximised-at-all-times"
    },
    {
      "title": "A future-proof fighter jet",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/stories/2019/may/a-future-proof-fighter-jet"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen - Training and Support",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/markets/brasil/historias/2018/gripen---training-and-support"
    },
    {
      "title": "Saab To Train Military Aviation Technicians",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2015/saab-to-train-military-aviation-technicians"
    },
    {
      "title": "Saab completes operational training of Brazilian pilots to fly Gripen",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2023/saab-completes-operational-training-of-brazilian-pilots-to-fly-gripen"
    },
    {
      "title": "Saab and ETPS sign new multi-year agreement for continued Gripen training",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2014/saab-and-etps-sign-new-multi-year-agreement-for-continued-gripen-training"
    },
    {
      "title": "Inside the Gripen E Simulator",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/markets/india/gripen-for-india/technology/inside-the-gripen-e-simulator"
    },
    {
      "title": "South African parliamentary report on defence oversight and maintenance constraints",
      "url": "https://www.parliament.gov.za/storage/app/media/Docs/atc/aa0836a1-2cab-4740-82cb-3b608312e516.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "How Gripen can be cost effective",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/stories/2020/november/how-gripen-can-be-cost-effective"
    },
    {
      "title": "Czech Air Force Gripen fleet completes MS20 upgrade giving enhanced operational capabilities",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2018/czech-air-force-gripen-fleet-completes-ms20-upgrade-giving-enhanced-operational-capabilities"
    },
    {
      "title": "Saab Receives Order for Upgrade of Gripen C/D",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2022/saab-receives-order-for-upgrade-of-gripen-cd"
    },
    {
      "title": "Decoding Gripen E's split avionics",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/markets/india/gripen-for-india/technology/split-avionics-works"
    },
    {
      "title": "Innovations built to last",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/stories/2021/december/innovations-built-to-last"
    },
    {
      "title": "Model based development leads the way",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/stories/2016/november/model-based-development-leads-the-way"
    },
    {
      "title": "Jas 39 Gripen E i Försvarsmakten",
      "url": "https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/aktuellt/nyheter/jas-39-gripen-e-i-forsvarsmakten/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Gripen C/D Flies with Saab’s new AESA Radar for the First Time",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/stories/2020/april/gripen-cd-flies-with-saabs-new-aesa-radar-for-the-first-time"
    },
    {
      "title": "Saab’s New Fighter Radar in the Air",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2020/saabs-new-fighter-radar-in-the-air"
    },
    {
      "title": "Saab achieves AI milestone with Gripen E",
      "url": "https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2025/saab-achieves-ai-milestone-with-gripen-e"
    }
  ],
  "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
}