{
  "id": "2026-atlantic-hurricane-season",
  "title": "2026 Atlantic hurricane season",
  "lang": "en",
  "source_lang": "en",
  "summary": "The 2026 cycle of Atlantic tropical cyclone activity, including seasonal forecasts, individual storms, environmental influences, and documented impacts.",
  "category": "nature",
  "subcategory": "climate-environment",
  "type": "event",
  "aliases": [
    "2026 North Atlantic hurricane season"
  ],
  "generated_at": "2026-10-15",
  "model": "pro/gpt-6.1-sol",
  "url": "https://aiwiki.page/en/2026-atlantic-hurricane-season/",
  "translations": {
    "zh-Hans": {
      "url": "https://aiwiki.page/zh/2026-atlantic-hurricane-season/",
      "json": "https://aiwiki.page/zh/2026-atlantic-hurricane-season.json"
    }
  },
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "",
      "text": "The 2026 Atlantic hurricane season is the annual cycle of tropical cyclone activity in the North Atlantic Ocean, including the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. Its official dates are June 1–November 30, although these boundaries do not exclude cyclones forming at other times of the year. The season remains ongoing as of October 15, 2026. (cpc.ncep.noaa.gov)\n\nThe season has been characterized by low accumulated activity and a prolonged absence of hurricanes before the development of Isaias in October. The National Hurricane Center’s provisional summary, updated through October 14, lists nine named storms, one hurricane, and one major hurricane. Isaias became the season’s first hurricane and reached major-hurricane intensity. These figures remain subject to subsequent activity and post-storm analysis. (nhc.noaa.gov)\n\nSeasonal forecasting emphasized the competing influences of El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Atlantic sea-surface temperatures, and atmospheric circulation. NOAA predicted below-normal activity in May and increased that probability in August. The season’s development, individual cyclones, monitoring operations, and documented consequences provide the basis for assessing those forecasts, while basin-wide activity must be distinguished from hazards and impacts at particular locations. (noaa.gov)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Basin boundaries, seasonal dates, and classification",
      "text": "The 2026 Atlantic hurricane season covers tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones in the North Atlantic north of the equator, including the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. “Atlantic” therefore identifies a meteorological basin, not merely the open ocean east of North America. Systems developing off West Africa, within the Caribbean, or over the Gulf belong to the same regional record; northeastern Pacific systems west of Central America belong to a separate basin. Basin attribution follows the cyclone’s location and documented circulation history rather than the countries affected by its rainfall or winds. Where a disturbance crosses Central America, continuity of an identifiable circulation distinguishes a surviving cyclone from a new system developing from its remnants. (cpc.ncep.noaa.gov)\n\nThe official season runs from June 1 through November 30, 2026. These dates delimit the conventional period of greatest activity, rather than physical limits on cyclone formation. NOAA’s Hurricane Research Division records that the present June–November boundaries were adopted in 1965, replacing June 15–November 15 dates used for the hurricane-warning network established in 1935. Tropical or subtropical development outside the official interval remains possible, particularly in May and December; an out-of-season system is classified by its structure and intensity, not excluded because of its formation date. NOAA’s 2026 outlook explicitly retains the June 1–November 30 season. (aoml.noaa.gov)\n\nClassification combines circulation structure with maximum sustained surface wind speed. A tropical cyclone is a non-frontal, warm-core low-pressure system with organized deep convection and a closed surface circulation. A subtropical cyclone combines tropical and extratropical characteristics, commonly having a broader wind field and deriving part of its energy from atmospheric temperature contrasts. For National Hurricane Center (NHC) classifications, sustained wind means the highest one-minute average at 10 metres above the surface in unobstructed exposure, not a momentary gust. Tropical and subtropical depressions have maximum sustained winds of 33 knots or less. Tropical storms have winds of 34–63 knots; subtropical storms reach at least 34 knots. The 34-knot threshold—approximately 39 mph or 63 km/h—is the naming threshold for either type. A subsequent subtropical-to-tropical transition does not itself represent another storm. (nhc.noaa.gov)\n\nA tropical cyclone becomes a hurricane at 64 knots, approximately 74 mph or 119 km/h. The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale divides hurricanes into Category 1 at 64–82 knots, Category 2 at 83–95 knots, Category 3 at 96–112 knots, Category 4 at 113–136 knots, and Category 5 at 137 knots or more. “Major hurricane” denotes Categories 3–5, beginning at approximately 111 mph or 178 km/h. These are nested classifications: a named storm that becomes a major hurricane contributes to the named-storm, hurricane, and major-hurricane totals. The scale measures wind intensity alone; central pressure, rainfall, and storm surge do not determine the category. (nhc.noaa.gov)\n\nThis article uses October 15, 2026, as its reporting cutoff, rather than treating the unfinished season as a completed annual record. Operational advisories describe the NHC’s contemporaneous estimates; provisional seasonal tables summarize the record available at their stated observation date. Neither should be conflated with the later post-storm analysis. NHC Tropical Cyclone Reports contain a post-analysis “best track,” normally giving positions and intensities at six-hour intervals, alongside the meteorological history. Reassessment can change formation or dissipation times, peak intensity, and classification, so operational estimates and subsequently revised values must retain their respective dates and status. (nhc.noaa.gov)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Preseason forecasts and midseason revisions",
      "text": "NOAA’s preseason outlook, issued on May 21, 2026, assigned a 55% probability to below-normal Atlantic hurricane activity, 35% to near-normal activity, and 10% to above-normal activity. It forecast 8–14 named storms, of which 3–6 would become hurricanes and 1–3 would become major hurricanes, with 70% confidence in the numerical ranges. These were basin-wide seasonal totals, not predictions of the number of storms reaching land. NOAA identified the expected development of El Niño as the principal suppressing influence, competing with slightly warmer-than-normal Atlantic waters and anticipated weaker trade winds. (noaa.gov)\n\nThe following comparison preserves the different uncertainty formats used by the forecasting institutions: NOAA published likely ranges, Colorado State University (CSU) displayed point estimates in its June summary, and the University of Arizona supplied both point estimates and probability ranges. Hurricanes and major hurricanes are subsets of the named-storm totals, rather than additional systems. (noaa.gov)\n\nPublication date | Institution | Named storms | Hurricanes | Major hurricanes | Published uncertainty\nApril 2026 | University of Arizona | 20 | 9 | 4 | Ranges of 17–23, 7–11, and 3–5, with probabilities of 71%, 67%, and 67%, respectively. (has.arizona.edu)\nMay 21, 2026 | NOAA | 8–14 | 3–6 | 1–3 | 70% confidence in the ranges; 55% probability of below-normal activity. (noaa.gov)\nJune 10, 2026 | CSU | 11 | 5 | 2 | Point estimates; the published summary table did not attach numerical uncertainty intervals to these counts. (tropical.colostate.edu)\nAugust 6, 2026 | NOAA | 7–13 | 2–6 | 0–2 | 70% probability for each range; 75% probability of below-normal activity. (cpc.ncep.noaa.gov)\n\nThe forecasts did not initially agree on the balance between Pacific and Atlantic influences. Kyle Davis and Xubin Zeng’s April University of Arizona forecast anticipated above-average activity. Their method applied a random-forest model to European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts seasonal predictions of tropical Atlantic and Niño 3.4 sea-surface temperatures. The authors acknowledged the prospect of a very strong El Niño but identified high predicted Atlantic temperatures as a countervailing influence. By contrast, CSU’s June 10 revision anticipated a below-normal season and reduced its forecast to 11 named storms, five hurricanes, and two major hurricanes. Its summary emphasized the expected dominance of El Niño and associated increases in Atlantic vertical wind shear. (has.arizona.edu)\n\nOn August 6, NOAA lowered its ranges to 7–13 named storms, 2–6 hurricanes, and 0–2 major hurricanes. The probability of below-normal activity rose from 55% to 75%, while near-normal and above-normal probabilities fell to 20% and 5%. These remained whole-season totals, explicitly including Arthur and Bertha, the two named storms already recorded—not an additional 7–13 storms after the update. Lead seasonal forecaster Matt Rosencrans identified the strengthening El Niño, which had emerged in June, as the dominant influence behind the updated assessment. (noaa.gov)\n\nNOAA’s numerical ranges were probabilistic bounds, not minimum and maximum possible outcomes: each range was intended to contain the corresponding total in approximately seven of ten seasons with comparable conditions and uncertainties. Uncertainty included the strength of El Niño’s Atlantic effects and shorter-term atmospheric variability. Basin-wide activity forecasts also differed from individual landfall forecasts. NOAA did not predict seasonal landfall locations or counts; those depended on storm formation and steering patterns that could not be specified months ahead. CSU separately expressed below-average probabilities of major-hurricane landfalls along the continental United States coastline and in the Caribbean, rather than forecasting the track or landfall of an identifiable storm. (cpc.ncep.noaa.gov)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Oceanic and atmospheric setting",
      "text": "The development of El Niño changed the balance between Pacific influences and local Atlantic conditions during 2026. NOAA’s May 21 outlook reported a weekly relative sea-surface temperature index of \\(+0.5\\,^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\) in the equatorial Pacific’s Niño 3.4 region, with atmospheric indicators showing the breakdown of the preceding weak La Niña. El Niño’s influence during the hurricane season was then principally a forecast: NOAA assigned a 98% probability to El Niño during August–October. By the August 6 update, the weekly relative index had reached \\(+1.4\\,^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\), and Pacific winds and outgoing longwave radiation reflected an established event. The July ENSO forecast used in that update assigned a 90% probability to strong or very strong conditions during August–October; this described anticipated seasonal strength, not the intensity already observed in early August. (cpc.ncep.noaa.gov)\n\nThe principal expected Atlantic response was increased vertical wind shear, the change in horizontal wind with height. El Niño commonly strengthens upper-tropospheric westerlies over the tropical Atlantic, increasing the contrast with lower-level easterlies. Strong shear can tilt a developing cyclone’s circulation and displace thunderstorms from its low-level center, hindering the organization needed for intensification. El Niño can also favor a drier, more stable Atlantic atmosphere. NOAA’s Climate Forecast System and North American Multi-Model Ensemble predicted above-normal shear over the main development region during August–October. These were seasonal environmental expectations, rather than evidence that every disturbance would encounter equally unfavorable conditions. (aoml.noaa.gov)\n\nAtlantic warmth provided only a modest counterweight. NOAA defined the main development region as approximately \\(10^\\circ\\)–\\(20^\\circ\\mathrm{N}\\), \\(20^\\circ\\)–\\(85^\\circ\\mathrm{W}\\), including the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean Sea. Its April mean sea-surface temperature anomaly was \\(+0.2\\,^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\), compared with \\(+1.22\\,^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\) in April 2024; the June 2026 anomaly was \\(+0.17\\,^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\). The August outlook emphasized that this modest regional warmth was small relative to the exceptionally warm global tropics. Absolute ocean temperature alone therefore did not establish an unusually favorable environment: Atlantic temperatures relative to the wider tropics also matter for atmospheric stability and potential cyclone intensity, while shear and moisture can independently restrict development over warm water. (cpc.ncep.noaa.gov)\n\nThe circulation and moisture assessments also evolved. May observations showed weaker-than-normal trade winds, but the August update identified stronger trades across parts of the development region and anomalously strong 850-hPa winds over the Caribbean. NOAA additionally examined the West African monsoon, including its upper-level outflow and rainfall distribution. The May forecast placed the heaviest rainfall and African easterly jet anomalously far north and inland, potentially exposing westward-moving disturbances to dry air before they reached the ocean. August guidance described a more nearly average rainfall axis in its detailed assessment, while retaining uncertainty about differences between eastern and western Africa. Rainfall abundance alone was consequently not treated as a sufficient indicator of favorable Atlantic cyclone formation. Dry-air entrainment can weaken developing convection, and shear can amplify its effects. (cpc.ncep.noaa.gov)\n\nThese explanations concern seasonal variability, not formal attribution to climate change. Relating 2026 conditions to ENSO, relative ocean warmth, or monsoon circulation does not quantify how human influence altered the probability or intensity of the season’s storms. Such attribution requires a separate comparison with an estimated climate without anthropogenic forcing; long-term projections of hurricane behavior cannot substitute for that event- or season-specific analysis. (gfdl.noaa.gov)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "June–August storms: Arthur through Edouard",
      "text": "Arthur (June 17–18) developed from a disturbance associated with a tropical wave that entered the Bay of Campeche on June 12. After the disturbance moved into northeastern Mexico, thunderstorms on its northeastern side generated a smaller low that crossed into southern Texas on June 16. Westerly vertical wind shear displaced convection east of the circulation. The low subsequently moved east-northeastward just offshore, becoming Tropical Storm Arthur on June 17 and reaching maximum sustained winds of 40 knots with a minimum central pressure of 999 millibars. It soon returned inland along the middle and upper Texas coast and was designated post-tropical near Galveston that night—early June 18 in UTC. Its remnants crossed Louisiana and the southeastern United States, reaching the Atlantic near North Carolina and joining a frontal boundary on June 19. (wpc.ncep.noaa.gov)\n\nBertha (July 19–23) originated beneath an upper-level low over the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Concentrated thunderstorms produced a surface trough on July 17, followed by a low offshore southwestern Florida on July 18. Improved circulation definition and convective organization supported classification as a tropical depression on July 19; tropical-storm strength followed on July 20. Bertha moved erratically northwestward, reaching 50 knots and 995 millibars. Increasing north-to-northeasterly shear separated its center from the principal thunderstorms. After turning west-northwestward, it made landfall in southeastern Louisiana on July 22, then followed an irregular course along the southern Louisiana coast into southeastern Texas on July 23. Its residual low faded on July 24, after the tropical-cyclone period recorded in the provisional seasonal table. (wpc.ncep.noaa.gov)\n\nCristobal (August 12–13) formed from a low monitored for several days well east-northeast of Bermuda. On August 12, satellite scatterometer measurements identified 35–40-knot winds southeast of a slightly elongated, exposed center, prompting classification directly as a tropical storm. Moving eastward at approximately 22 knots over sea-surface temperatures near 25 °C, Cristobal attained 40 knots and a minimum pressure of 1008 millibars. Its brief tropical-storm stage ended as cool water, strong northerly shear, and dry mid-level air prevented sustained deep convection. By 0900 UTC on August 13 it had weakened to a depression; at 1500 UTC it was a 25-knot remnant low moving northeastward to east-northeastward. (nhc.noaa.gov)\n\nDolly (August 27–28) acquired a well-defined center and organized deep convection near 13.6°N, 38.7°W on August 27. Scatterometer observations and satellite intensity estimates supported 35-knot winds; its minimum pressure was 1007 millibars. A strong central Atlantic ridge steered it rapidly westward, initially at about 21 knots, while northwesterly shear displaced most thunderstorms south of the center. Dolly’s classified life ended through loss of its closed circulation rather than disappearance of tropical-storm-force winds. On August 28, NOAA buoy 41041 and high-resolution satellite imagery showed no westerly winds south of the apparent center. The National Hurricane Center consequently reclassified Dolly as an open tropical wave, although 35-knot winds persisted north of the remaining vorticity maximum. (nhc.noaa.gov)\n\nEdouard (August 31–September 2) developed from a small northern Gulf disturbance initially monitored as Potential Tropical Cyclone Five because its elongated circulation was not yet sufficiently defined. Relatively weak deep-layer shear subsequently supported organization. By September 1, radar imagery from Lake Charles showed an improving inner core, while aircraft dropsonde measurements supported strengthening. Edouard reached 50 knots and 998 millibars, making landfall in southwestern Cameron Parish, Louisiana, at 1920 UTC on September 1 at its peak wind intensity. It moved northwestward into eastern Texas and weakened inland; the provisional seasonal table ends its tropical-cyclone period on September 2. (nhc.noaa.gov)\n\nThe provisional meteorological data below use UTC dates encompassing tropical and subtropical stages, not the complete histories of precursor disturbances or remnant lows. All five systems peaked as tropical storms. (nhc.noaa.gov)\n\nStorm | Tropical-cyclone dates, 2026 | Peak sustained wind (knots) | Minimum pressure (millibars)\nArthur | June 17–18 | 40 | 999\nBertha | July 19–23 | 50 | 995\nCristobal | August 12–13 | 40 | 1008\nDolly | August 27–28 | 35 | 1007\nEdouard | August 31–September 2 | 50 | 998\n\nTrack schematic: arrows indicate generalized movement, not six-hourly positions; precursor and remnant segments are identified separately. (wpc.ncep.noaa.gov)\n\n                         NORTH ↑                         EAST →\n\nGULF OF MEXICO                         OPEN ATLANTIC\n\nArthur:                                Cristobal:\nTexas coast → Louisiana                east-northeast of Bermuda → ENE\n                → southeastern U.S.                                  ↗\n                  [remnant]                                central North Atlantic\n\nBertha:                                Dolly:\nSE Texas ← southern Louisiana          toward Leeward Islands ← 13.6°N, 38.7°W\n                      ↖                    [open wave]          formation\n                 eastern Gulf\n\nEdouard:\neastern Texas ← SW Louisiana\n                     ↖\n                 northern Gulf"
    },
    {
      "heading": "September storms: Fay, Gonzalo, and Hanna",
      "text": "Fay began as Tropical Depression Six at 1500 UTC on September 19, southwest of the Azores near 32.6°N, 33.6°W. Satellite scatterometer observations established a closed circulation, while persistent thunderstorms north of the center supported classification as a tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of 30 knots. Initially meandering, the system subsequently turned east-southeastward. By 0300 UTC on September 21, Fay had strengthened to 60 knots, its provisional seasonal peak; its minimum central pressure was 995 millibars. An ASCAT-C observation of 53-knot winds, adjusted for probable undersampling and considered alongside satellite intensity estimates, supported the operational 60-knot assessment. Increasing northwesterly vertical wind shear was already restricting the storm’s outflow. Fay remained below the 64-knot hurricane threshold. (prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov)\n\nFay’s September 19–29 history included an interruption in tropical status rather than eleven uninterrupted days as an organized cyclone. At 2100 UTC on September 22, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) designated it a 30-knot remnant low after more than 18 hours without organized deep convection. It was then moving west-southwestward around a ridge. Thunderstorms subsequently redeveloped around the still-closed circulation, and advisories resumed at 2100 UTC on September 23 with Fay again classified as a 30-knot tropical depression. By 1500 UTC the following day, curved convective bands and thunderstorms over the center supported an increase to 45 knots. Renewed shear later exposed the low-level center, and Fay weakened while moving slowly southward and then southwestward. Its final advisory, at 2100 UTC on September 29, placed the 25-knot remnant low near 23.7°N, 48.2°W; dissipation into an open trough was forecast, not yet observed in that advisory. (prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov)\n\nGonzalo developed from the low-pressure disturbance designated Invest AL90 near Cabo Verde. Its precursor monitoring history was distinct from its classified tropical-cyclone period: advisories began at 0300 UTC on September 25 only after satellite imagery showed a closed, although elongated, low-level circulation and organized deep convection. Scatterometer winds supported an initial intensity of 40 knots. Westerly shear displaced most thunderstorms into the eastern and southern portions of the circulation. Gonzalo moved generally northward near the islands, reaching a provisional maximum of 45 knots and minimum pressure of 1000 millibars. By 2100 UTC on September 26, strong southwesterly shear—diagnosed at nearly 50 knots—and infiltrating dry air had separated the nearest convection from the center by more than 100 nautical miles. The NHC declared Gonzalo post-tropical near 19.3°N, 23.3°W, despite remaining sustained winds of 35 knots. (prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov)\n\nHanna formed directly as a tropical storm at 1500 UTC on September 28 near 36.6°N, 50.4°W in the central subtropical Atlantic. Scatterometer measurements identified a well-defined surface circulation and winds of 35–40 knots southeast of the center; its initial 40-knot intensity also proved to be its provisional peak. The seasonal table recorded a minimum pressure of 1002 millibars. Hanna initially moved eastward at approximately 15 knots along the southern side of the midlatitude westerlies, then tracked southeastward. Strong shear maintained an asymmetric structure, with thunderstorms displaced east of the center. By 1500 UTC on September 30, convection had dissipated and sustained winds had fallen to 30 knots. Hanna became a remnant low near 33.4°N, 43.6°W, rather than undergoing a documented transition into a developed extratropical storm. (prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov)\n\nThe classified timelines overlapped in two pairs: Fay coexisted with Gonzalo on September 25–26 and with Hanna on September 28–29; Gonzalo’s tropical stage had ended before Hanna formed. The provisional NHC record classified all three as tropical storms at their strongest. Together with the earlier systems, they brought the basin to eight named storms but no hurricanes through September 30. That was an end-of-September observation, not a final assessment of the entire 2026 season. (prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Hurricane Isaias and the October transition",
      "text": "Isaias developed over the southwestern Gulf of Mexico on October 6. At 2100 UTC, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) designated the system Tropical Depression Nine, centered near 22.1°N, 95.6°W, with maximum sustained winds of 30 knots. Satellite imagery showed a newly closed, although possibly elongated, circulation and increasingly organized thunderstorms. Initially nearly stationary, the cyclone subsequently moved east-northeastward. By 1500 UTC October 7, Tropical Storm Isaias had winds of 40 knots and an estimated central pressure of 1000 millibars. Aircraft observations indicated that its low-level center was reforming northward, closer to the mid-level circulation. Forecaster Eric Blake identified this improved vertical alignment, exceptionally warm waters for the time of year, and a moist environment as conditions favoring further strengthening. (prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov)\n\nReconnaissance supported an upgrade to the season’s first hurricane at 0330 UTC October 8. An Air Force Reserve aircraft dropsonde measured a boundary-layer average wind of 76 knots in the southwestern quadrant. By 0900 UTC, NHC estimated maximum sustained surface winds at 70 knots, supported by NOAA aircraft tail-Doppler observations and experimental reductions of winds measured aloft to the 10-metre level. The circulation remained somewhat tilted northward under moderate westerly wind shear, but was better aligned than on the preceding day. Its subsequent northward turn occurred between a strengthening subtropical ridge east of the Bahamas and an amplifying trough over Texas and the northern Gulf. (prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov)\n\nAt 1500 UTC October 9, Isaias reached its provisional peak of 105 knots, approximately 120 mph, with a minimum central pressure of 959 millibars, making it the season’s first major hurricane. An Air Force aircraft had measured 120-knot winds at the 700-millibar flight level in the eastern eyewall, while successive eye dropsondes supported the pressure estimate. Although southwesterly deep-layer shear had increased to 30–40 knots, its direction was nearly aligned with the storm’s motion, and increasing upper-level divergence helped sustain the hurricane temporarily. By 2100 UTC, coastal radar and aircraft observations showed an increasingly asymmetric eyewall and greater vertical tilt; NHC reduced the surface intensity to 100 knots. Flight-level winds as high as 136 knots were not treated as equivalent surface winds because eyewall dropsondes showed a pronounced decrease toward the ocean surface. (prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov)\n\nIsaias made landfall near Destin, Florida, at approximately 0130 UTC October 10—8:30 p.m. CDT on October 9—near 30.4°N, 86.5°W. The NHC landfall update, based on Doppler radar, estimated maximum sustained winds of 90 knots, or 105 mph, and a central pressure of 971 millibars. It therefore crossed the coast as a Category 2 hurricane, below its offshore Category 3 peak. By 0300 UTC, the intensity had fallen to 80 knots as the circulation moved inland and strong shear further disrupted its structure. (prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov)\n\nAt 0900 UTC October 10, NHC classified Isaias as post-tropical over Alabama, with winds of 30 knots. Deep convection had been displaced well north of the low-level center, and a warm front extended eastward from the circulation. Forecaster Blake issued NHC’s final discussion and transferred subsequent reporting to the Weather Prediction Center, which issued Discussion 16 at 1500 UTC with the center near 32.8°N, 86.8°W. The October 6–10 dates in the provisional seasonal table consequently describe its tropical stages, not the entire persistence of its remnants. As of 0300 UTC October 15, that table listed no additional classified October system; Isaias remained the only hurricane and major hurricane recorded by the reporting cutoff. (prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Observation, forecasting, and warning operations",
      "text": "Operational intensity estimates combined satellite remote sensing with measurements inside and beneath the circulation. At 0330 UTC on October 8, Air Force Reserve reconnaissance dropsondes supported upgrading Isaias to a hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph; another dropsonde released into the eye measured a central pressure of 982 millibars. At 2100 UTC that day, NHC forecasters reported an eye in visible and infrared imagery and a subjective Dvorak satellite estimate of 77 knots. Although central pressure and peak flight-level winds had not indicated further strengthening, the NOAA aircraft’s tail Doppler radar measured winds just above the surface that supported increasing the advisory intensity to 85 knots. These observations distinguished cloud-pattern estimates, flight-level measurements, and evidence closer to the surface rather than treating them as interchangeable wind measurements. (nhc.noaa.gov)\n\nCoastal radar and surface stations became important as Isaias moved ashore. The corrected 0200 UTC October 10 position update explicitly attributed its assessment to NWS Doppler radar and surface observations. It reported a sustained wind of 72 mph and an 83-mph gust at the National Ocean Service station in Panama City Beach, Florida—local measurements distinct from the cyclone-wide maximum sustained wind estimate. By 0900 UTC, satellite imagery showed deep convection displaced north of the low-level center and a warm front extending eastward; surface observations supported an intensity of 30 knots in NHC’s final discussion. (nhc.noaa.gov)\n\nGOES-East coverage was retargeted during the approach. An October 7 NESDIS scheduling notice identified an NHC-requested mesoscale sector centered at \\(23.0^\\circ\\mathrm{N}, 91.9^\\circ\\mathrm{W}\\); the October 8 request moved coverage to \\(25.0^\\circ\\mathrm{N}, 89.0^\\circ\\mathrm{W}\\), explicitly citing hurricane warnings. For landfall monitoring, NWS Central Operations scheduled both GOES-East mesoscale sectors over \\(28.8^\\circ\\mathrm{N}, 86.5^\\circ\\mathrm{W}\\) from 1100 UTC October 9 through 0400 UTC October 10. Combining the sectors provided imagery every 30 seconds, increasing temporal coverage during the coastal approach without implying a corresponding increase in spatial resolution. (ospo.noaa.gov)\n\nThe operational product suite separated formation prospects, analyzed conditions, forecast reasoning, and local wind risk. Tropical Weather Outlooks, issued every six hours, assessed development over 48 hours and seven days. Isaias’s forecast/advisory number 8, issued at 1500 UTC October 8, specified a center-position accuracy of 25 nautical miles and quadrant-specific wind radii, while forecast discussions explained the evidence behind intensity and track decisions. Wind-speed probability bulletin number 14, issued at 0300 UTC October 10, presented location-specific chances of one-minute sustained winds reaching 34, 50, and 64 knots over five days, distinguishing onset probabilities from cumulative probabilities. (nhc.noaa.gov)\n\nCoastal watches and warnings communicated possible or expected conditions rather than a single predicted landfall point. Hurricane-watch and hurricane-warning lead times were normally 48 and 36 hours, respectively, before the anticipated onset of tropical-storm-force winds. Local NWS offices supplemented NHC products with geographically specific Hurricane Local Statements; the Isaias product listing included offices from New Orleans/Baton Rouge to Tampa Bay and inland offices including Birmingham and Atlanta. (nhc.noaa.gov)\n\nNHC’s 2026 implementation document designated the forecast-cone graphic incorporating inland tropical-storm and hurricane watches and warnings as operational after experiments in 2024–2025. The conventional cone retained circles calibrated to contain two-thirds of official track errors during 2021–2025; Atlantic radii included 39 nautical miles at 24 hours, 95 at 72 hours, and 200 at 120 hours. Separately, NHC announced an experimental cone constructed from ellipses using the 90th percentiles of along-track and cross-track errors, distinguishing timing errors from displacement to either side of the forecast. These implementation provisions were separate from the documented Isaias advisories and satellite-tasking records: an announced experimental capability did not establish its issuance for every storm or advisory. (nhc.noaa.gov)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Documented impacts and emergency response",
      "text": "In the United States, Isaias’s October 9 landfall in the Florida Panhandle was followed by wind damage, flooding, and disruption of public services across the Southeast. Florida’s Santa Rosa County estimated approximately 1.7 million cubic yards of vegetative debris, including 1.3 million cubic yards north of Interstate 10. Its October 12 recovery bulletin reported that most roads were passable but not completely cleared, and that all county parks remained closed because of damage. Water service had been restored to Navarre Beach, although a precautionary boil-water notice remained in effect. The bulletin also described work to reconnect electricity to schools ahead of their planned October 14 reopening; this was a restoration target, not confirmation that every school had reopened. (santarosa.fl.gov)\n\nEmergency measures varied by jurisdiction. Santa Rosa County’s October 12 bulletin recorded the rescission of evacuation orders for Zones A, B, and C and the lifting of the overnight curfew. Distribution sites supplied meals, water, ice, and tarpaulins, while the Clyde L. Gracey Community Center in Milton remained open as a shelter. In Alabama, Mobile County reported that its three shelters had accommodated about 100 people before closing on October 10. Governor Kay Ivey’s mandatory evacuation order for coastal tourists and visitors was rescinded that day, although restrictions remained on Dauphin Island’s west end. Mobile County also clarified that the October 9 presidential declaration provided limited federal assistance for preparedness activities, rather than authorizing recovery assistance for county residents, businesses, or local governments. (santarosa.fl.gov)\n\nFarther inland, rainfall from Isaias’s remnants produced effects distinct from the coastal landfall. The United States Geological Survey reported 2 to more than 7 inches of rain across western North Carolina and upstate South Carolina during the two days preceding its October 11 notice, with the largest totals east of Asheville along the Blue Ridge Escarpment. Three field crews were deployed to measure streamflow at seven gauging stations and repair an additional gauge. South Carolina’s State Climatology Office recorded 6.08 inches in 24 hours at Caesars Head, ending on the morning of October 11, and reported flash flooding in Aiken, Saluda, and Lexington counties. At Charleston Harbor, a tide of 7.76 feet above mean lower low water coincided with rainfall and coastal flooding; that gauge height was a total water level, not a measurement of storm surge alone. (water.usgs.gov)\n\nAs reported by the Associated Press on October 11, at least four deaths in Florida and Alabama had been linked to Isaias. Officials identified a woman killed by a tree falling on her home and a man killed by generator exhaust in Escambia County, Florida; Alabama fatalities involved a tree falling on a Birmingham house and a vehicle crash involving a downed tree in Barbour County. These circumstances distinguish immediate wind-related deaths from secondary consequences such as generator poisoning, but the preliminary combined count was not a finalized direct-versus-indirect mortality assessment. (apnews.com)\n\nEconomic disruption also preceded landfall. The United States Energy Information Administration reported on October 9 that 130 offshore production platforms and rigs had been evacuated or moved by October 8, with approximately 1.3 million barrels per day of crude-oil production shut in. These figures measured interrupted operations, not physical damage or monetary losses. In the National Hurricane Center’s provisional seasonal table available by the reporting cutoff, Isaias’s damage and death fields remained blank. Those entries represent unavailable assessments rather than zero losses; they provide neither a total economic-loss estimate nor an insured-loss estimate. (eia.gov)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Storm names and identification",
      "text": "The official 2026 Atlantic naming list contained 21 names, maintained under the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Regional Association IV Hurricane Committee. Six lists rotate at six-year intervals, subject to the removal and replacement of retired names. The lists balance English, French, and Spanish names to reflect the languages of the Atlantic and Caribbean region; Q, U, X, Y, and Z are omitted. The following reproduces the 2026 list in its official order, distinguishing the nine names assigned by the October 15 reporting cutoff from the twelve that remained unused. “Unused” describes their status at the cutoff, not their status for the completed season. (wmo.int)\n\nStatus at October 15, 2026 | Names in official order\nAssigned | Arthur, Bertha, Cristobal, Dolly, Edouard, Fay, Gonzalo, Hanna, Isaias\nUnused | Josephine, Kyle, Leah, Marco, Nana, Omar, Paulette, Rene, Sally, Teddy, Vicky, Wilfred\n\nNames and numerical identifiers serve different purposes. A tropical cyclone can receive a numbered depression designation before receiving a name, and the numerical identifier remains attached to the system as its classification changes. Consequently, a cyclone number is not inherently a count of named storms. NHC identifiers follow the format BBNNYYYY: BB identifies the basin, NN the cyclone number, and YYYY the year. Thus, AL092026 identifies Atlantic system 09 in 2026. The distinction was visible on October 6, when NHC issued its first public advisory for Tropical Depression Nine under AL092026; subsequent hurricane advisories identified the same system as Isaias while retaining that code. (nhc.noaa.gov)\n\nAn advisory number identifies an issuance within a system’s advisory sequence rather than another cyclone. For example, Isaias’s October 9 forecast discussion was numbered 11, whereas its subsequent watch-and-warning intermediate advisory was numbered 11A; both carried AL092026. Product headers are another identification layer: NHC cycles Atlantic discussion headers through five numbered slots, so systems 1, 6, and 11 share one header slot. A header suffix therefore cannot replace the full basin–number–year identifier when distinguishing storms or searching archived products. (prod-east-nhc.woc.noaa.gov)\n\nThe year is especially important for Isaias because the name also identifies Hurricane Isaias of 2020. The earlier cyclone’s NHC designation was AL092020, and its documented tropical life cycle extended from July 30 to August 4, 2020. The 2026 cyclone was AL092026, with a provisional tropical life cycle of October 6–10. Although both were the ninth numbered Atlantic system of their respective years, they were separate cyclones; references to the earlier storm’s history should therefore specify Isaias (2020) rather than attach that history to the 2026 event. (nhc.noaa.gov)\n\nName retirement is a committee decision, not an automatic consequence of attaining hurricane strength. A WMO member state may request retirement when a cyclone becomes especially notorious because of casualties and damage; the Regional Association IV Hurricane Committee considers the request at its session following the season. An example affecting this list occurred on March 17, 2021, when WMO announced Laura’s retirement after the 2020 season and selected Leah as its replacement for 2026. The committee also replaced Greek-letter overflow naming with a supplemental list beginning in 2021; supplemental names can themselves be retired and replaced. These procedures do not establish any retirement outcome for a 2026 storm. (wmo.int)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Provisional statistics and historical comparison",
      "text": "At 21:00 UTC on October 14, 2026, the National Hurricane Center’s provisional summary listed nine named storms, one hurricane, and one major hurricane. These are the latest dated totals used at the article’s October 15 reporting cutoff, not completed-season statistics. The table includes every classified system in that summary; dates cover tropical and subtropical stages, excluding non-tropical stages. Winds are maximum sustained surface winds, and pressures are minimum central pressures. (nhc.noaa.gov)\n\nSystem | Dates, 2026 (UTC) | Peak winds (kt) | Minimum pressure (mb) | Highest classification | Direct deaths / U.S. damage\nArthur | June 17–18 | 40 | 999 | Tropical storm | — / —\nBertha | July 19–23 | 50 | 995 | Tropical storm | — / —\nCristobal | August 12–13 | 40 | 1008 | Tropical storm | — / —\nDolly | August 27–28 | 35 | 1007 | Tropical storm | — / —\nEdouard | August 31–September 2 | 50 | 998 | Tropical storm | — / —\nFay | September 19–29 | 60 | 995 | Tropical storm | — / —\nGonzalo | September 25–26 | 45 | 1000 | Tropical storm | — / —\nHanna | September 28–30 | 40 | 1002 | Tropical storm | — / —\nIsaias | October 6–10 | 105 | 959 | Major hurricane | — / —\n\nSource: NHC’s October 14 summary. Dashes reproduce unfilled storm-level impact fields, not confirmed zero losses; the damage column concerns the United States, not worldwide losses. (nhc.noaa.gov)\n\nAccumulated cyclone energy (ACE) measures the combined intensity and duration of named tropical cyclones. It sums squared maximum sustained winds at six-hour intervals while a system has at least tropical-storm strength:\n\n\\[\\mathrm{ACE}=\\sum_i V_i^2,\\qquad V_i\\geq34\\ \\mathrm{kt},\\]\n\nwith totals conventionally expressed in units of \\(10^4\\ \\mathrm{kt}^2\\). Squaring the wind speed gives stronger observations greater weight: one qualifying observation at 100 kt contributes four times as much as one at 50 kt. Longer-lived storms contribute through additional qualifying observations; depression stages do not contribute. ACE is therefore not interchangeable with storm counts or a measure of economic damage. (aoml.noaa.gov)\n\nThe provisional seasonal ACE was \\(18.0\\times10^4\\ \\mathrm{kt}^2\\). Calculated from the published storm entries, Isaias supplied 40% of that total despite being only one of nine named systems. This concentration illustrates how a season can produce several named storms yet accumulate relatively little sustained, high-intensity activity. (nhc.noaa.gov)\n\nDate-matched comparison places the interim counts below the usual seasonal progression. NHC’s 1991–2020 benchmark table places the twelfth named storm on October 11, the fifth hurricane on September 28, and the sixth hurricane on October 15; the second major hurricane normally occurs by September 19, but the third not until October 28. Thus, nine named storms, one hurricane, and one major hurricane by mid-October represented a slower progression, particularly for hurricanes. These climatological benchmark dates describe the progress of an average season, not deadlines for individual years. They also differ from completed-season means and from medians: a mean averages all annual values, whereas a median identifies the middle value. NOAA’s forecast ACE percentages explicitly use a median baseline and should not be read as percentages of a date-matched mean. (nhc.noaa.gov)\n\nForecast verification remained provisional. Nine named storms and one major hurricane were within both NOAA’s May ranges of 8–14 and 1–3 and its August ranges of 7–13 and 0–2, respectively. The single hurricane remained below both forecast ranges—3–6 in May and 2–6 in August—but those forecasts covered the entire season through November 30. Moreover, the August ranges each represented a 70% probability interval, not exhaustive bounds. An interim count inside or outside a range therefore did not establish final forecast success or failure, and the partial-season statistics did not support a completed-season historical ranking. (noaa.gov)"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
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    "el-nino-southern-oscillation",
    "wind",
    "pressure",
    "storm-surge",
    "probability",
    "el-nino",
    "united-states",
    "climate-change",
    "mexico",
    "radar",
    "cape-verde",
    "remote-sensing",
    "river-discharge",
    "insurance",
    "hurricane-isaias"
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "title": "Climate Prediction Center - Atlantic Hurricane Outlook",
      "url": "https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/hurricane2026/May/hurricane.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "TCFAQ G8) Why do hurricanes hit the East coast of the U.S., but never",
      "url": "https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G8.html?print=yes"
    },
    {
      "title": "Hurricane FAQ - NOAA/AOML",
      "url": "https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "TCFAQ G1) When is hurricane season ?",
      "url": "https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html?print=yes"
    },
    {
      "title": "Glossary of NHC Terms",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutgloss.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Tropical Cyclones of the Eastern North Pacific Basin, 1949–2006",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TC_Book_Epac_1949-2006_hires.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php?unit=m"
    },
    {
      "title": "2026 Atlantic Hurricane Season",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/"
    },
    {
      "title": "ATCF Tropical Cyclone Database",
      "url": "https://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf/docs/NRL_doc_ATCFdatabase.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "NOAA predicts below-normal 2026 Atlantic hurricane season",
      "url": "https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/noaa-predicts-below-normal-2026-atlantic-hurricane-season"
    },
    {
      "title": "CSU Hurricane Seasonal Forecasting",
      "url": "https://tropical.colostate.edu/forecasting.html?os=0"
    },
    {
      "title": "Forecast of the 2026 Hurricane Activities over the North Atlantic",
      "url": "https://has.arizona.edu/sites/default/files/2026-04/April-2026-Tropical-Cyclone-Forecast.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "NOAA maintains prediction for below-normal Atlantic hurricane season",
      "url": "https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/noaa-maintains-prediction-for-below-normal-atlantic-hurricane-season"
    },
    {
      "title": "Climate Prediction Center - Atlantic Hurricane Outlook",
      "url": "https://cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/hurricane.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Hurricane FAQ: ENSO and tropical cyclone activity",
      "url": "https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E11.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "Dominant Effect of Relative Tropical Atlantic Warming on Major Hurricane Occurrence",
      "url": "https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/research_highlight/dominant-effect-of-relative-tropical-atlantic-warming-on-major-hurricane-occurrence/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Dynamics and Physics",
      "url": "https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/dynamics-and-physics/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Global Warming and Hurricanes",
      "url": "https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/global-warming-and-hurricanes/"
    },
    {
      "title": "2026 Atlantic Hurricane Season",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/index.php?basin=atl&season=2026"
    },
    {
      "title": "Tropical Storm Arthur - June 14-19, 2026",
      "url": "https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/arthur2026.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "Tropical Storm Bertha - July 16-24, 2026",
      "url": "https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/bertha2026.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "Tropical Storm Cristobal Discussion Number 1",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al03/al032026.discus.001.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Tropical Depression Cristobal Discussion Number 4",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al03/al032026.discus.004.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Post-Tropical Cyclone Cristobal Discussion Number 5",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al03/al032026.discus.005.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Tropical Storm Dolly Discussion Number 1",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al04/al042026.discus.001.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Tropical Storm Dolly Advisory Number 1",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al04/al042026.public.001.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Remnants of Dolly Forecast Discussion",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCDAT4%2Bshtml/271449.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Potential Tropical Cyclone Five Discussion Number 1",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al05/al052026.discus.001.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "National Weather Service: Potential Tropical Cyclone Five Forecast Discussion",
      "url": "https://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?format=CI&glossary=0&issuedby=AT5&product=TCD&site=NWS&version=6"
    },
    {
      "title": "Tropical Depression Six Discussion Number 1",
      "url": "https://prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al06/al062026.discus.001.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Tropical Storm Fay Discussion Number 7",
      "url": "https://prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al06/al062026.discus.007.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "2026 Atlantic Hurricane Season",
      "url": "https://prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/index.php"
    },
    {
      "title": "Post-Tropical Cyclone Fay Discussion Number 14",
      "url": "https://prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al06/al062026.discus.014.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Tropical Depression Fay Discussion Number 15",
      "url": "https://prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al06/al062026.discus.015.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Tropical Storm Fay Discussion Number 18",
      "url": "https://prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al06/al062026.discus.018.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Tropical Depression Fay Discussion Number 28",
      "url": "https://prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al06/al062026.discus.028.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Post-Tropical Cyclone Fay Discussion Number 39",
      "url": "https://prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al06/al062026.discus.039.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Tropical Storm Gonzalo Discussion Number 1",
      "url": "https://prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al07/al072026.discus.001.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Post-Tropical Cyclone Gonzalo Discussion Number 8",
      "url": "https://prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al07/al072026.discus.008.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Tropical Storm Hanna Discussion Number 1",
      "url": "https://prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al08/al082026.discus.001.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Post-Tropical Cyclone Hanna Discussion Number 9",
      "url": "https://prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al08/al082026.discus.009.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Tropical Depression Nine Discussion Number 1",
      "url": "https://prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al09/al092026.discus.001.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Tropical Storm Isaias Discussion Number 4",
      "url": "https://prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al09/al092026.discus.004.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Hurricane Isaias Discussion Number 7",
      "url": "https://prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al09/al092026.discus.007.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Hurricane Isaias Discussion Number 12",
      "url": "https://prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al09/al092026.discus.012.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Hurricane Isaias Discussion Number 13",
      "url": "https://prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al09/al092026.discus.013.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Hurricane Isaias Tropical Cyclone Update: 830 PM CDT October 9, 2026",
      "url": "https://prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al09/al092026.update.10100129.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Hurricane Isaias Discussion Number 14",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al09/al092026.discus.014.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Post-Tropical Cyclone Isaias Discussion Number 15",
      "url": "https://prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al09/al092026.discus.015.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Post-Tropical Cyclone Isaias Discussion Number 16",
      "url": "https://prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al09/al092026.discus.016.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "2026 Atlantic Hurricane Season",
      "url": "https://prod-west-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Hurricane Isaias Public Advisory Update",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/mobile/text/refresh/MIATCUAT4%2Bhtml/721574.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Hurricane Isaias Forecast Discussion",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/mobile/text/refresh/MIATCDAT4%2Bhtml/082100.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Hurricane Isaias Tropical Cyclone Update—Corrected",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCUAT4%2Bshtml/100057.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Post-Tropical Cyclone Isaias Discussion Number 15",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al09/al092026.discus.015.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "GOES-East MDS Meso-1 scheduling notice, October 7, 2026",
      "url": "https://www.ospo.noaa.gov/data/messages/2026/10/MSG_20261007_1026.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "GOES-East MDS Meso-2 scheduling notice, October 8, 2026",
      "url": "https://www.ospo.noaa.gov/data/messages/2026/10/MSG_20261008_0959.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "NWS Central Operations Administrative Message, October 9, 2026",
      "url": "https://marine.weather.gov/product.php?format=CI&glossary=1&issuedby=SDM&product=ADM&site=MLB&version=11"
    },
    {
      "title": "GOES-R Cloud and Moisture Imagery Product Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document",
      "url": "https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/goesr/documents/ATBDs/Enterprise/ATBD_Enterprise_Cloud_and_Moisture_Imagery_Product_v4_2021-01-13.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "NHC Products Description",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnhcprod.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Hurricane Isaias Forecast Advisory Number 8",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/mobile/text/refresh/MIATCMAT4%2Bhtml/081456.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Hurricane Isaias Wind Speed Probabilities Number 14",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al09/al092026.wndprb.014.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "NHC Issuance Criteria Changes for Tropical Cyclone Watches/Warnings",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/watchwarn_changes.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Hurricane Isaias Update #11",
      "url": "https://www.santarosa.fl.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/2210"
    },
    {
      "title": "UPDATES: Hurricane Isaias",
      "url": "https://www.mobilecountyal.gov/road-closings/isaias/"
    },
    {
      "title": "PROJECT ALERT NOTICE (NC) Flooding caused by remnants of Hurricane Isaias",
      "url": "https://water.usgs.gov/alerts/item_2026-10-11_13%3A37%3A43.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "South Carolina State Climatology Office: October 5, 2026–October 11, 2026",
      "url": "https://www.dnr.sc.gov/climate/sco/ClimateData/weekly/wk101126.php"
    },
    {
      "title": "2026 Atlantic Hurricane Season",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/index.php"
    },
    {
      "title": "Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and the North Atlantic Names",
      "url": "https://wmo.int/content/tropical-cyclone-naming/caribbean-sea-gulf-of-mexico-and-north-atlantic-names"
    },
    {
      "title": "2026 Atlantic Hurricane Season",
      "url": "https://prod-east-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/?basin=atl&season=2026"
    },
    {
      "title": "NHC Public Information Statement: Vortex Data Message Storm Identifiers",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/news/pns5_2006.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "NHC Public Information Statement: Tropical Cyclone Product Changes",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/news/pns1_2003.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Tropical Depression Nine Advisory Number 1",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al09/al092026.public.001.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Hurricane Isaias Discussion Number 11",
      "url": "https://prod-east-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/archive/2026/al09/al092026.discus.011.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Isaias Watch/Warning Intermediate Advisory Number 11A",
      "url": "https://prod-east-nhc.woc.noaa.gov/mobile/text/refresh/MIATCVAT4%2Bhtml/091154.shtml"
    },
    {
      "title": "Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Isaias (AL092020)",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL092020_Isaias.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "WMO Hurricane Committee retires tropical cyclone names and ends the use of Greek alphabet",
      "url": "https://wmo.int/media/news/wmo-hurricane-committee-retires-tropical-cyclone-names-and-ends-use-of-greek-alphabet"
    },
    {
      "title": "Tropical Cyclone Climatology",
      "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/climo/?ftag=YHF4eb9d17"
    },
    {
      "title": "Climate Prediction Center - Atlantic Hurricane Outlook",
      "url": "https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/hurricane.shtml?vm=r"
    }
  ],
  "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
}